Highlights
- •Intracranial brain stimulation has variable effects on episodic memory performance
- •Stimulation increased memory performance when delivered in poor encoding states
- •Recall-related brain activity increased after stimulation of poor encoding states
- •Neural activity linked to contextual memory predicted encoding state modulation
Summary
People
often forget information because they fail to effectively encode it.
Here, we test the hypothesis that targeted electrical stimulation can
modulate neural encoding states and subsequent memory outcomes. Using
recordings from neurosurgical epilepsy patients with intracranially
implanted electrodes, we trained multivariate classifiers to
discriminate spectral activity during learning that predicted
remembering from forgetting, then decoded neural activity in later
sessions in which we applied stimulation during learning. Stimulation
increased encoding-state estimates and recall if delivered when the
classifier indicated low encoding efficiency but had the reverse effect
if stimulation was delivered when the classifier indicated high encoding
efficiency. Higher encoding-state estimates from stimulation were
associated with greater evidence of neural activity linked to contextual
memory encoding. In identifying the conditions under which stimulation
modulates memory, the data suggest strategies for therapeutically
treating memory dysfunction.
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Correspondence information about the author Michael J. Kahana
Email the author Michael J. Kahana
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