Saturday, April 17, 2021

Nitric oxide and dopamine metabolism converge via mitochondrial dysfunction in the mechanisms of neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease

 

         

Because of the usefulness of nitric oxide in your recovery, your doctor is responsible for adjusting your nitric oxide protocol with this in mind.  Or does your doctor incompetently not even have a nitric oxide protocol?

 

Your risk of Parkinsons here:

Parkinson’s Disease May Have Link to Stroke March 2017

The latest here:

Nitric oxide and dopamine metabolism converge via mitochondrial dysfunction in the mechanisms of neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease

 

Abstract

The molecular mechanisms underlying the degeneration and neuronal death associated with Parkinson's disease (PD) are not clearly understood. Several pathways and models have been explored in an overwhelming number of studies. Overall, from these studies, mitochondrial dysfunction and nitroxidative stress have emerged as major contributors to degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in PD. In addition, an excessive or inappropriate production of nitric oxide (NO) and an abnormal metabolism of dopamine have been independently implicated in both processes. However, the participation of NO in reactions with dopamine relevant to neurotoxicity strongly suggests that dopamine or its metabolites may be potential targets for NO, affecting the physiological chemistry of both, NO and dopamine. In this short review, we provide a critical and integrative appraisal of the nitric oxide-dopamine pathway we have previously suggested and that might be operative in PD. This pathway emphasizes a connection between abnormal dopamine and NO metabolism, which may potentially converge in an integrated mechanism with toxic cellular outcomes. In particular, it encompasses the synergistic interaction of NO with 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC), a major dopamine metabolite, leading to dopaminergic cell death via mechanisms that involve mitochondrial dysfunction, gluthathione depletion and nitroxidative stress.

Keywords

Parkinson's disease
Nitric oxide
DOPAC
Mitochondrial dysfunction
Nitroxidative stress
Glutathione
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