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Oxidative stress is involved in the progression of aging and Alzheimer's disease (AD)
Free radicals damage mitochondria, increasing production of toxic amyloid beta (Aβ)
DNA repair dysfunction is more severe in the AD brain than in the aged brain
Inhibiting oxidation-induced epigenetic changes can improve cognition and reduce Aβ
Long term exercise effectively reduces oxidative stress and improves cognition
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are metabolic byproducts that are necessary for physiological function but can be toxic at high levels. Levels of these oxidative stressors increase gradually throughout the lifespan, impairing mitochondrial function and damaging all parts of the body, particularly the central nervous system. Emerging evidence suggests that accumulated oxidative stress may be one of the key mechanisms causing cognitive aging and neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). Here, we synthesize the current literature on the effect of neuronal oxidative stress on mitochondrial dysfunction, DNA damage and epigenetic changes related to cognitive aging and AD. We further describe how oxidative stress therapeutics such as antioxidants, caloric restriction and physical activity can reduce oxidation and prevent cognitive decline in brain aging and AD. Of the currently available therapeutics, we propose that long term physical activity is the most promising avenue for improving cognitive health by reducing ROS while promoting the low levels required for optimal function.
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