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Context: Naringin is a natural flavanone glycoside that is found in the Chinese herbal medicines and citrus fruits. Studies have demonstrated that naringin possesses numerous biological and pharmacological properties, but few reviews of these studies have been performed.
Objective: The present review gathers the fragmented information available in the literature describing the extraction of naringin, its pharmacology and its controlled release formulations. Current research progress and the therapeutic potential of naringin are also discussed.
Methods: A literature survey for relevant information regarding the biological and pharmacological properties of naringin was conducted using Pubmed, Sciencedirect, MEDLINE, Springerlink and Google Scholar electronic databases from the year 2007–2015.
Results: Naringin modulates signalling pathways and interacts with signalling molecules and thus has a wide range of pharmacological activities, including anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer activities, as well as effects on bone regeneration, metabolic syndrome, oxidative stress, genetic damage and central nervous system (CNS) diseases. Information was gathered that showed the extraction of naringin can be improved using several modifications. There has been some progress in the development of controlled release formulations of naringin.
Conclusion: Naringin is a promising candidate for further in vivo studies and clinical use. More detailed studies regarding its mechanism of action are required.
Naringin (Figure 1), a flavanone glycoside that is formed from the flavanone naringenin and the disaccharide neohesperidose, is one of the main active components of Chinese herbal medicines, such as Drynaria fortunei (Kunze) J. Sm. (DF), Citrus aurantium L. (CA) and Citrus medica L. (CM) (Zhang et al. 2014; Yin et al. 2015b;). It is also present in citrus fruits (Wong et al. 2013) and imparts a bitter taste to citrus juices (Chtourou et al. 2015).
Flavonoids are an important group of secondary metabolites and a source of bioactive compounds in plants (Ghasemzadeh & Jaafar 2013). An extensive literature survey has revealed that naringin possesses antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, anti-ulcer, anti-osteoporotic and anti-carcinogenic properties (Wang et al. 2013). However, there have been few reports, until recently, which describe naringin processing.
A relatively simple and high-yield method for the extraction and purification of naringin that is applicable to agricultural wastes such as citrus fruit peels, has recently been described (Kanokorn et al. 2009). Controlled release formulations of naringin could reduce the total dose of medication required (Kim & Tabata 2015), and these formulations should have high encapsulation efficiencies and stable drug release behaviours (Cordenonsi et al. 2015). Controlled release formulations of naringin have been shown to affect bone regeneration and to potentially promote bone healing (Chen et al. 2013).
The present review focuses on current studies describing the in vivo and in vitro effects of naringin, highlighting the potential value of this compound and the diversity of its pharmacological activities.
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