Your doctor should already have protocols available on fixing the gut microbiome due to your stroke. With that your doctor probably doesn't have to worry about your chances of Parkinsons from your stroke. And if you believe your doctor is prepared on fixing your gut microbiome, then the Brooklyn bridge is for sale at a minimal price.
gut microbiome (24 posts to March 2016)
Your risk of Parkinsons here:
Parkinson’s Disease May Have Link to Stroke March 2017
The latest here:
Parkinson’s Disease, It Takes Guts: The Correlation between Intestinal Microbiome and Cytokine Network with Neurodegeneration
1
Department of Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Thessaly, 41500 Larisa, Greece
2
Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Thessaly, 41500 Larisa, Greece
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Biology 2023, 12(1), 93; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology12010093
Received: 26 September 2022
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Revised: 3 January 2023
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Accepted: 5 January 2023
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Published: 7 January 2023
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cytokines and Chemokines: Modulators of Epithelial Cell Biology in Health and Disease)
Simple Summary
Parkinson’s
disease is a neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system,
characterized by movement problems and accompanied by behavioral changes
such as depression and anxiety. It is a multifactorial condition that
is affected by genetic alterations and environmental factors that
progressively lead to the death of specialized neurons. This systematic
review discusses the attractive hypothesis that gut intestinal dysbiosis
is an initial step of a process that leads to Parkinson’s. Gut
microbiota alterations and their metabolites can cause intestinal
inflammation, but they can also alter gut-brain communication and the
brain barrier. This can lead to brain inflammation and the deterioration
of brain cells, a process called neurodegeneration. Understanding the
role of gut microbiota in the progression of Parkinson’s could be a key
element for research toward therapeutic approaches that could delay and
even cure the disease.
Abstract
Parkinson’s
disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder with motor,
physical and behavioral symptoms that can have a profound impact on the
patient’s quality of life. Most cases are idiopathic, and the exact
mechanism of the disease’s cause is unknown. The current hypothesis
focuses on the gut-brain axis and states that gut microbiota dysbiosis
can trigger inflammation and advances the development of Parkinson’s
disease. This systematic review presents the current knowledge of gut
microbiota analysis and inflammation based on selected studies on
Parkinson’s patients and experimental animal models. Changes in gut
microbiota correlate with Parkinson’s disease, but only a few studies
have considered inflammatory modulators as important triggers of the
disease. Nevertheless, it is evident that proinflammatory cytokines and
chemokines are induced in the gut, the circulation, and the brain before
the development of the disease’s neurological symptoms and exacerbate
the disease. Increased levels of tumor necrosis factor, interleukin-1β,
interleukin-6, interleukin-17A and interferon-γ can correlate with
altered gut microbiota. Instead, treatment of gut dysbiosis is
accompanied by reduced levels of inflammatory mediators in specific
tissues, such as the colon, brain and serum and/or cerebrospinal fluid.
Deciphering the role of the immune responses and the mechanisms of the
PD-associated gut microbiota will assist the interpretation of the
pathogenesis of Parkinson’s and will elucidate appropriate therapeutic
strategies.
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