Smart Thrombosis Care: The Rise of Closed-Loop Diagnosis-to-Treatment Nano Systems

 There is much earlier research on nano stuff for recovery. HAS YOUR INCOMPETENT? DOCTOR DONE NOTHING WITH THIS? So, you DON'T have a functioning stroke doctor, do you? And complete incompetence(for over a decade!) in the stroke medical world which seems to have NO idea on how to solve stroke! They are all blithering idiots straight from the pages of Monty Python. Like this:

Monty Python's Flying Circus - Upper Class Twit of the Year (1971)

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Smart Thrombosis Care: The Rise of Closed-Loop Diagnosis-to-Treatment Nano Systems

Authors Wu J, Zhang Y, Chen W, Hao T, Ran C, Zhou Y, Shen Y, You W, Wang T

Received 27 March 2025

Accepted for publication 10 June 2025

Published 19 June 2025 Volume 2025:20 Pages 7851—7868

DOI https://doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S530884

Checked for plagiarism Yes

Review by Single anonymous peer review

Peer reviewer comments 2

Editor who approved publication: Prof. Dr. RDK Misra

Download Article [PDF] 

Jiong Wu,^1,* Yuanyuan Zhang,^2,* Wu Chen,^1,* Tianjiao Hao,¹ Chuanjiang Ran,¹ Yuanyuan Zhou,¹ Yan Shen,¹ Wei You,³ Tao Wang<sup>4

1</sup>Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210009, People’s Republic of China; ²Department of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China; ³Department of Cardiology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China; ⁴Department of Clinical Laboratory, Second People’s Hospital of Taixing City, Taixing, Jiangsu Province, 225400, People’s Republic of China

*These authors contributed equally to this work

Correspondence: Wei You, Email youwei@njmu.edu.cn Tao Wang, Email 13775743588@163.com

Abstract: Thrombosis continues to be a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, presenting complex pathophysiological challenges that complicate effective diagnosis and treatment. A holistic approach to thrombosis management, incorporating integrated diagnostic and therapeutic systems, is essential for improving patient outcomes. This review explores the emerging concept of closed-loop diagnosis-to-treatment nanosystems in thrombosis care, with a focus on integrating advanced technologies. Specifically, we examine the targeting of critical components involved in thrombosis, including platelets, coagulation factors, endothelial cells, the fibrinolytic system, and the immune system. Techniques such as platelet aggregation assays, coagulation function tests, biomarker detection, and nanotechnology-based therapies are discussed. Moreover, the application of these integrated systems is reviewed in both the acute and chronic phases of thrombosis, covering conditions such as acute coronary syndrome, acute pulmonary embolism, chronic deep vein thrombosis, and post-surgical thrombosis prevention. Finally, the review highlights potential future developments in integrated thrombosis care, with an emphasis on personalized treatment strategies and the role of emerging technologies in enhancing clinical outcomes. These insights underscore the transformative potential of closed-loop nano-systems in achieving more precise, timely, and effective thrombosis management.

Keywords: thrombosis, nanotechnology, integrated management

Graphical Abstract:

Introduction

Thrombosis-related diseases, including deep vein thrombosis (DVT), pulmonary embolism (PE), and coronary artery thrombosis, impose a substantial global health burden. These conditions contribute to high morbidity and mortality rates, with venous thromboembolism (VTE) alone affecting millions of individuals annually.¹ In the United States and Europe, VTE accounts for an estimated 300,000 to 600,000 deaths per year, often due to complications such as PE. The economic burden is equally significant, as healthcare systems allocate substantial resources to hospitalization, long-term anticoagulation therapy, and the management of recurrent thrombotic events.² Development of diagnosis and treatment of thrombosis is shown in Figure 1. Despite advancements in thrombosis management, major challenges persist in early diagnosis, risk stratification, and individualized treatment, underscoring the urgent need for more effective and integrated approaches.³