Tuesday, April 7, 2026

Validation of the Lower Extremity Motor Activity Log (LE-MAL) Questionnaire with Triaxial Accelerometry-Based Activity Monitors in Chronic Post-Stroke Hemiparesis

 This doesn't get anyone recovered, does it? So, you did useless work and your mentors and senior researchers were incompetent in allowing you to continue?

Validation of the Lower Extremity Motor Activity Log (LE-MAL) Questionnaire with Triaxial Accelerometry-Based Activity Monitors in Chronic Post-Stroke Hemiparesis


https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbmt.2026.03.031Get rights and content
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Abstract

Background

Post-stroke hemiparesis commonly reduces mobility, limiting daily activities and participation. Objective monitoring, such as step counting, quantifies real-world ambulatory activity, while patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) capture perceived functional performance. The Lower Extremity Motor Activity Log (LE-MAL), translated into Portuguese, assesses self-reported use of the more affected lower limb.

Objective

To examine the criterion-related validity of the LE-MAL by evaluating its association with step counts obtained from triaxial accelerometry activity monitors. Methods: In this cross-sectional validation study, 31 individuals with chronic post-stroke hemiparesis wore activity monitors for at least 10 hours/day over three consecutive days. The LE-MAL was administered via structured interview. Criterion-related validity was assessed using Pearson’s correlation coefficient. Agreement was further explored using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC; two-way mixed-effects model, consistency) and Bland–Altman analysis.

Results

The LE-MAL total score showed a positive, moderate correlation with the 3-day average step count (r = 0.52, p < 0.01). Agreement between LE-MAL scores and step counts was low (ICC_single = 0.001, 95% CI −0.35 to 0.35; p = 0.497), consistent with conceptual and metric differences between a PROM and an objective activity count. Bland–Altman analysis indicated a mean bias close to zero, wide 95% limits of agreement, and no evidence of proportional bias.

Conclusion

The LE-MAL demonstrates a positive, moderate association with objectively measured step counts, supporting its criterion-related validity as a PROM of perceived real-world use of the more affected lower limb. Used alongside activity monitoring, it may help clinicians interpret ambulatory behavior in individuals with chronic post-stroke hemiparesis.

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