Mirrored Feedback in Chronic Stroke Recruitment and Effective Connectivity of Ipsilesional Sensorimotor Networks

I'm not sure why researchers prove the same thing over and over again. Does it work? Then create a stroke protocol for it and be done with it.
From March, 2012;

Mirror Therapy for Post-Stroke Rehabilitation

From may, 2012;

Mirror Training The Mirror as the Element Connecting Both Hands to One Hemisphere

From Oct. 2012;

Upper extremity rehabilitation of stroke: Facilitation of corticospinal excitability using virtual mirror paradigm 

From Nov. 2012;

Effects and Adherence of Mirror Therapy in People with Chronic Upper Limb Hemiparesis: A Preliminary Study

From Dec. 2012;

Mirror Therapy for Improving Motor Function After Stroke

From Feb. 2013;

Systematic Review on the Effectiveness of Mirror Therapy in Training Upper Limb Hemiparesis after Stroke

From May, 2013 in New Zealand;

Fooling brain into restoring hand use

From July, 2013 in Germany;

Mirror therapy for improving motor function after stroke

And the latest here;

 http://nnr.sagepub.com/content/early/2013/12/23/1545968313513074.abstract?papetoc

1. Soha Saleh, PhD1,2
2. Sergei V. Adamovich, PhD1,2,3
3. Eugene Tunik, PhD, PT1

1. ¹Department of Rehabilitation and Movement Science, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, USA
2. ²Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, USA
3. ³Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, USA

1. Eugene Tunik, PhD, PT, Department of Rehabilitation and Movement Science, Rutgers University, 65 Bergen Street, 7th Floor, Newark, NJ 07101, USA. Email: eugene.tunik@rutgers.edu

Abstract

Background. Mirrored feedback has potential as a therapeutic intervention to restore hand function after stroke. However, the functional (effective) connectivity of neural networks involved in processing mirrored feedback after stroke is not known. Objective. To determine if regions recruited by mirrored feedback topographically overlap with those involved in control of the paretic hand and to identify the effective connectivity of activated nodes within the mirrored feedback network. Methods. Fifteen patients with chronic stroke performed a finger flexion task with their unaffected hand during event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Real-time hand kinematics was recorded during fMRI and used to actuate hand models presented in virtual reality (VR). Visual feedback of the unaffected hand motion was manipulated pseudorandomly by either actuating the VR hand corresponding to the moving unaffected side (veridical feedback) or the affected side (mirrored feedback). In 2 control conditions, the VR hands were replaced with moving nonanthropomorphic shapes. Results. Mirrored feedback was associated with significant activation of regions within and outside the ipsilesional sensorimotor cortex, overlapping with areas engaged when patients performed the task with their affected hand. Effective connectivity analysis showed a significantly interconnected ipsilesional somatosensory and motor cortex in the mirrored feedback condition. Conclusions. Mirrored feedback recruits ipsilesional brain areas relevant for control of the affected hand. These data provide a neurophysiological basis by which mirrored feedback may be beneficial as a therapy for restoring function after stroke.