http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0891584916304208
Highlights
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- BDNF upregulation by SalA causes activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway.
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- Inhibition of GSK-3 pathways for anti-apoptosis and neurogenesis by SalA.
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- Prevention of p25 production/Cdk5 activation by SalA is beneficial in stroke.
Abstract
Salvianolic
acid A (SalA), a chemical type of caffeic acid trimer, has drawn great
attention for its potent bioactivities against ischemia-induced injury
both in vitro and in vivo. In this study, we evaluated
SalA's protective effects against acute ischemic stroke by inducing
middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion (MCAO) injuries in mice.
Treatment of the mice with SalA (50 and 100 μg/kg, i.v.) at 2 h after
MCAO enhanced their survival rate, improved their moving activity, and
ameliorated the severity of brain infarction and apoptosis seen in the
mice by diminishing pathological changes such as the extensive breakdown
of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), nitrosative stress, and the
activation of an inflammatory transcriptional factor p65 nuclear
factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and a pro-apoptotic kinase p25/Cdk5. SalA also
intensively limited cortical infarction and promoted the expression of
neurogenesis protein near the peri-infarct cortex and subgranular zone
of the hippocampal dentate gyrus by compromising the activation of GSK3β
and p25/Cdk5, which in turn upregulated β-catenin, doublecortin (DCX),
and Bcl-2, most possibly through the activation of PI3K/Akt signaling
via the upregulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor. We conclude
that SalA blocks inflammatory responses by impairing NF-κB signaling,
thereby limiting inflammation/nitrosative stress and preserving the
integrity of the BBB; SalA also concomitantly promotes
neurogenesis-related protein expression by compromising GSK3β/Cdk5
activity to enhance the expression levels of β-catenin/DCX and Bcl-2 for
neuroprotection.
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