Dad golfed a lot in his 40's and 50's but I actually think his risk came from his working in and owning a garage.
He was a car mechanic and owned his own gas station for
about 10 years in his 20's. I never got into cars so I should be good
on this front.
Research suggested that trichloroethylene (TCE), an industrial solvent
used in dry cleaning clothing and degreasing metal parts, was linked to Parkinson's disease
The latest here:
The greatest risk for Parkinson Disease was found within 1 to 3 miles of a golf course and decreased with distance, highlighting the role of pesticide exposure as a risk factor. Living within 3 miles of a golf course is associated with an increased risk of developing Parkinson disease (PD), particularly among individuals who also receive their drinking water from groundwater sources in vulnerable regions, according to findings published in JAMA Network Open Golf courses are often heavily treated with pesticides, the exposure to which is considered a potential environmental risk factor for PD. To better understand the role of golf course pesticide exposure in PD risk, researchers conducted a case-control study using the Rochester Epidemiology Project database. Participants diagnosed with incident PD between 1991 and 2015 living in Olmsted County (n=419; median [IQR] age, 73 [65-80] years; men, 61.3%; White, 96.2%) were matched by age and sex to control individuals without PD (n= 5113; median [IQR] age, 72 [65-79] years; men, 59.5%; White, 88.1%). Data from the US Geological Survey categorized water services areas as service areas where tap water came from either groundwater resources, surface water resources, or private wells. Data on the 139 golf courses within the study region were categorized as less than 1, 1 to 2, 2 to 3, 3 to 6, and over 6 miles from the nearest golf course. All PD diagnoses were clinically confirmed, and exposure estimates were based on residential addresses 2 to 3 years prior to symptom onset. A total of 86.6% of PD cases were located in areas reliant on groundwater, while 77.3% of all participants identified groundwater as their primary source of water. Public health policies to reduce the risk of groundwater contamination and airborne exposure from pesticides on golf courses may help reduce risk of PD in nearby neighborhoods.
Compared with those living more than 6 miles away from a golf course, living within 1 mile of a golf course was associated with a 126% increase in the odds of developing PD (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 2.26; 95% CI, 1.09-4.70;
P =.03). This risk increased by 198% among those living 1 to 2 miles from a golf course (aOR, 2.98; 95% CI, 1.46-6.06;
P =.003), 121% at 2 to 3 miles (aOR, 2.21; 95% CI, 1.06-4.59;
P =.03), and 92% at 3 to 6 miles (aOR, 1.92; 95% CI, 0.91-4.04;
P =.09). While risk plateaued within 3 miles of a golf course, each additional mile beyond that threshold was associated with a 13% reduction in PD odds (aOR, 0.87; 95% CI, 0.77-0.98;
P =.03).
Beyond geographic proximity, participants’ water source played a significant role in PD risk. Compared with those getting water from groundwater water service areas without golf courses, individuals living in groundwater water service areas with a golf course had nearly double the odds of PD (aOR, 1.96; 95% CI, 1.20-3.23) as well as a 49% greater PD risk than individuals who used private well water (aOR, 1.49; 95% CI, 1.05-2.13).
Risk was further elevated in water service areas that overlapped with regions of vulnerable groundwater, defined by coarse soils or shallow bedrock. Individuals in these vulnerable regions with a golf course had 82% greater odds of developing PD compared with those in nonvulnerable areas (aOR, 1.82; 95% CI, 1.09-3.03) and 92% greater odds of PD compared with individuals living in water service areas without a golf course (aOR, 1.92; 95% CI, 1.06-3.45).
Study limitations include limited geographical data, a largely White study population, and lack of consideration for other relevant PD risk factors.
“Public health policies to reduce the risk of groundwater contamination and airborne exposure from pesticides on golf courses may help reduce risk of PD in nearby neighborhoods,” the researchers concluded.
Disclosures: This research was supported by the National Institute on Aging, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Parkinson’s Disease Foundation, Acadia Pharmaceuticals, and Michael J. Fox Foundation. Multiple study authors declared affiliations with biotech, pharmaceutical, and/or device companies. Please see the original reference for a full list of disclosures.
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