Changing stroke rehab and research worldwide now.Time is Brain! trillions and trillions of neurons that DIE each day because there are NO effective hyperacute therapies besides tPA(only 12% effective). I have 523 posts on hyperacute therapy, enough for researchers to spend decades proving them out. These are my personal ideas and blog on stroke rehabilitation and stroke research. Do not attempt any of these without checking with your medical provider. Unless you join me in agitating, when you need these therapies they won't be there.

What this blog is for:

My blog is not to help survivors recover, it is to have the 10 million yearly stroke survivors light fires underneath their doctors, stroke hospitals and stroke researchers to get stroke solved. 100% recovery. The stroke medical world is completely failing at that goal, they don't even have it as a goal. Shortly after getting out of the hospital and getting NO information on the process or protocols of stroke rehabilitation and recovery I started searching on the internet and found that no other survivor received useful information. This is an attempt to cover all stroke rehabilitation information that should be readily available to survivors so they can talk with informed knowledge to their medical staff. It lays out what needs to be done to get stroke survivors closer to 100% recovery. It's quite disgusting that this information is not available from every stroke association and doctors group.

Saturday, August 6, 2022

Sedentary behaviour and brain health in middle-aged and older adults: a systematic review

It is your doctor's responsibility to get you recovered enough that sedentary behaviour doesn't occur. You are energetic and on the go all the time.

YOUR DOCTOR'S RESPONSIBILITY!

Sedentary behaviour and brain health in middle-aged and older adults: a systematic review

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104802Get rights and content
Under a Creative Commons license
Open access

Highlights

Sedentary behaviour is not associated with neurotrophic factors

During prolonged sitting acute changes are seen on cerebrovascular measures

Sedentary behaviour seems particularly associated with reduced white matter health

Abstract

Sedentary behaviour may increase the risk of dementia. Studying physiological effects of sedentary behaviour on cerebral health may provide new insights into the nature of this association. Accordingly, we reviewed if and how acute and habitual sedentary behaviour relate to brain health factors in middle-aged and older adults (≥45 years). Four databases were searched. Twenty-nine studies were included, with mainly cross-sectional designs. Nine studies examined neurotrophic factors and six studied functional brain measures, with the majority of these studies finding no associations with sedentary behaviour. The results from studies on sedentary behaviour and cerebrovascular measures were inconclusive. There was a tentative association between habitual sedentary behaviour and structural white matter health. An explanatory pathway for this effect might relate to the immediate vascular effects of sitting, such as elevation of blood pressure. Nevertheless, due to the foremost cross-sectional nature of the available evidence, reverse causality could also be a possible explanation. More prospective studies are needed to understand the potential of sedentary behaviour as a target for brain health.

Key words

Sedentary behaviour
neurodegeneration
brain health
sitting
dementia

1. Introduction

Physical inactivity is one of the twelve modifiable risk factors that together might explain 40% of the global dementia cases, according to the Lancet Commission (Livingston et al., 2020). In the absence of pharmaceutical treatments for dementia, focus on altering these modifiable risk factors through lifestyle changes has become increasingly important (Norton et al., 2014). The impact of physical inactivity on the risk of dementia is in part related to the neuroprotective effects of exercise (Rashid et al., 2020, Chieffi et al., 2017). Exercise increases cerebral blood flow (CBF) and neurotrophic factors, which have a positive impact on angiogenesis and neurogenesis (Rashid et al., 2020). These effects translate to beneficial effects on structural brain measures associated with cognitive function (Chieffi et al., 2017). However, exercise is not always feasible for older adults due to physical limitations. Independent from exercise, physical inactivity also entails the fact that most people spend a substantial part of their day in sedentary activities (Brownson et al., 2005). Sedentary behaviour (SB) is known to have multiple detrimental cardiovascular and metabolic effects (Carter et al., 2017), which are not completely reversed by exercise (Knaeps et al., 2018, Patterson et al., 2018). Interestingly, many of these cardiovascular and metabolic effects of SB, such as hypertension, in turn have been identified as vascular risk factors for dementia (Claassen, 2015).

In light of this rationale, excessive amounts of SB might be a risk factor for dementia and cognitive decline via its cardiovascular effects. If proven true, this would open up possibilities to target sitting as a feasible way to intervene in efforts to prevent cognitive decline. However, before starting intervention programmes that aim to reduce sitting to prevent or slow down the progression of dementia, more evidence is needed to link SB and cognitive function. Recent epidemiological studies were unable to demonstrate an association between SB and cognitive decline (Olanrewaju et al., 2020, Maasakkers et al., 2020a), possibly due to the long time needed for SB to result in cognitive decline. Therefore, studying more proximal physiological effects of SB on the brain may provide novel insights. Moreover, several studies specifically focused on healthy young individuals, whilst it takes decades before these individuals may experience the potential detrimental effects of SB. Therefore, it seems more relevant to examine if these potential physiological manifestations in the brain as a consequence of a sedentary lifestyle are already present in middle-aged and older adults. Focusing on these age groups, and exploring the potential relation with cognitive decline, is therefore clinically relevant. With this field still in its infancy, studies have only recently started to investigate associations between SB and the brain. Summarising the evidence currently available in the literature will inform how to move this field forward. Therefore, we aimed to systematically review if and how acute and habitual SB are associated with brain health in middle-aged and older adults. By summarising these studies we will get a first impression if there is a physiological rationale for an association between SB and dementia burden.

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