Changing stroke rehab and research worldwide now.Time is Brain! trillions and trillions of neurons that DIE each day because there are NO effective hyperacute therapies besides tPA(only 12% effective). I have 523 posts on hyperacute therapy, enough for researchers to spend decades proving them out. These are my personal ideas and blog on stroke rehabilitation and stroke research. Do not attempt any of these without checking with your medical provider. Unless you join me in agitating, when you need these therapies they won't be there.

What this blog is for:

My blog is not to help survivors recover, it is to have the 10 million yearly stroke survivors light fires underneath their doctors, stroke hospitals and stroke researchers to get stroke solved. 100% recovery. The stroke medical world is completely failing at that goal, they don't even have it as a goal. Shortly after getting out of the hospital and getting NO information on the process or protocols of stroke rehabilitation and recovery I started searching on the internet and found that no other survivor received useful information. This is an attempt to cover all stroke rehabilitation information that should be readily available to survivors so they can talk with informed knowledge to their medical staff. It lays out what needs to be done to get stroke survivors closer to 100% recovery. It's quite disgusting that this information is not available from every stroke association and doctors group.

Monday, May 27, 2019

Wireless Recording in the Peripheral Nervous System with Ultrasonic Neural Dust

With ANY BRAINS AT ALL in stroke leadership, this would have immediately started research using this to listen in on neuron signalling in neuroplasticity. We need to know why and how a neighboring neuron gives up its current task and takes on a neighboring task. Without that knowledge neuroplasticity will never be made repeatable and made into a stroke protocol.  Hell, this has been out since October 2016 so more proof that the stroke medical world is completely incompetent.

 

Wireless Recording in the Peripheral Nervous System with Ultrasonic Neural Dust


Open ArchiveDOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2016.06.034



Highlights

  • •
    First in vivo electrophysiological recordings with neural dust motes
  • •
    Passive, wireless, and battery-less EMG and ENG recording with mm-scale devices
  • •
    Recorded signals transmitted via ultrasonic backscatter from implanted neural dust motes
  • •
    Ultrasound as a scalable means of providing wireless power and communication

Summary

The emerging field of bioelectronic medicine seeks methods for deciphering and modulating electrophysiological activity in the body to attain therapeutic effects at target organs. Current approaches to interfacing with peripheral nerves and muscles rely heavily on wires, creating problems for chronic use, while emerging wireless approaches lack the size scalability necessary to interrogate small-diameter nerves. Furthermore, conventional electrode-based technologies lack the capability to record from nerves with high spatial resolution or to record independently from many discrete sites within a nerve bundle. Here, we demonstrate neural dust, a wireless and scalable ultrasonic backscatter system for powering and communicating with implanted bioelectronics. We show that ultrasound is effective at delivering power to mm-scale devices in tissue; likewise, passive, battery-less communication using backscatter enables high-fidelity transmission of electromyogram (EMG) and electroneurogram (ENG) signals from anesthetized rats. These results highlight the potential for an ultrasound-based neural interface system for advancing future bioelectronics-based therapies.

Video Abstract

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Introduction

Recent technological advances (
,
) and fundamental discoveries (
,
,
) have renewed interest in implantable systems for interfacing with the peripheral nervous system. Early clinical successes with peripheral neurostimulation devices, such as those used to treat sleep apnea (
) or control bladder function in paraplegics (
) have led clinicians and researchers to propose new disease targets ranging from diabetes to rheumatoid arthritis (
). A recently proposed roadmap for the field of bioelectronic medicines highlights the need for new electrode-based recording technologies that can detect abnormalities in physiological signals and be used to update stimulation parameters in real time. Key features of such technologies include high-density, stable recordings of up to 100 channels in single nerves, wireless and implantable modules to enable characterization of functionally specific neural and electromyographic signals, and scalable device platforms that can interface with small nerves of 100 μm diameter or less (
) as well as specific muscle fibers. Current approaches to recording peripheral nerve activity fall short of this goal; for example, cuff electrodes provide stable chronic performance but are limited to recording compound activity from the entire nerve. Single-lead intrafascicular electrodes can record from multiple sites within a single fascicle but do not enable high-density recording from discrete sites in multiple fascicles (
). Similarly, surface EMG arrays allow for very-high-density recording (
,
) but do not capture fine details of deep or small muscles. Recently, wireless devices to enable untethered recording in rodents (
,
) and nonhuman primates (
,
,
), as well as mm-scale integrated circuits for neurosensing applications have been developed (
,
,
). However, most wireless systems use electromagnetic (EM) energy coupling and communication, which becomes extremely inefficient in systems smaller than ∼5 mm due to the inefficiency of coupling radio waves at these scales within tissue (
,
; see also Size Scaling and Electromagnetics in the Supplemental Information). Further miniaturization of wireless electronics platforms that can effectively interface with small-diameter nerves will require new approaches.
In contrast to EM, ultrasound offers an attractive alternative for wirelessly powering and communicating with sub-mm implantable devices (
,
,
,
,
). Ultrasound has two advantages. First, the speed of sound is 105 × lower than the speed of light in water, leading to much smaller wavelengths at similar frequencies; this yields excellent spatial resolution at these lower frequencies as compared to radio waves. Second, ultrasonic energy attenuates far less in tissue than EM radiation; this not only results in much higher penetration depths for a given power, but also significantly decreases the amount of unwanted power introduced into tissue due to scattering or absorption. In fact, for most frequencies and power levels, ultrasound is safe in the human body. These limits are well defined, and ultrasound technologies have long been used for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. As a rough guide, about 72× more power is allowable into the human body when using ultrasound as compared to radio waves (
,
).
We previously introduced the neural dust ultrasonic backscattering concept to harness the potential advantages of ultrasound and showed that, theoretically, such a system could be scaled well below the mm-scale when used for wireless electrophysiological neural recording (
,
). Here, we present the first experimental validation of a neural dust system in vivo in the rat peripheral nervous system (PNS) and skeletal muscle, reporting both electroneurogram (ENG) recordings from the sciatic nerve and electromyographic (EMG) recordings from the gastrocnemius muscle. The neural dust system consists of an external ultrasonic transceiver board which powers and communicates with a millimeter-scale sensor implanted into either a nerve or muscle (Figure 1A). The implanted mote consists of a piezoelectric crystal, a single custom transistor, and a pair of recording electrodes (Figures 1B, 1C, and S1).


Figure thumbnail gr1
Figure 1Neural Dust System Overview

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