http://hsr.sagepub.com/content/early/2016/01/22/1355819615626189.long
- Simon Turner1,2⇑
- Angus Ramsay1
- Catherine Perry3
- Ruth Boaden4
- Christopher McKevitt5
- Stephen Morris6
- Nanik Pursani7
- Anthony Rudd8
- Pippa Tyrrell9
- Charles Wolfe10
- Naomi Fulop11
- 1Senior Research Associate, Department of Applied Health Research, University College London, London, UK
- 2Senior Research Associate, National Institute of Health Research Collaboration for Leadership in Applied Health Research and Care North Thames, London, UK
- 3Research Associate, Alliance Manchester Business School, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- 4Professor of Service Operations Management, Alliance Manchester Business School, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- 5Professor of Social Sciences & Health, Department of Primary Care and Public Health Sciences, King’s College London and National Institute of Health Research Comprehensive Biomedical Research Centre, Guy’s & St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust and King’s College London, London, UK
- 6Professor of Health Economics, Department of Applied Health Research, University College London, UK
- 7Patient Representative, King’s College London Stroke Research Patients and Family Group, Division of Health & Social Care Research, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King’s College London, London, UK
- 8Professor of Stroke Medicine, Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, St Thomas’ Hospital, London, UK and National Clinical Director of Stroke, NHS England, and London Stroke Clinical Director, UK
- 9Professor of Stroke Medicine, Stroke & Vascular Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Salford Royal Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Salford, UK
- 10Professor of Public Health Medicine, Department of Primary Care and Public Health Sciences, King’s College London, National Institute of Health Research Comprehensive Biomedical Research Centre, Guy’s & St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust and King’s College London, and National Institute of Health Research Collaboration for Leadership in Applied Health Research and Care South London, London, UK
- 11Professor of Health Care Organisation and Management, Department of Applied Health Research, University College London, London, UK
- Simon Turner, Department of Applied Health Research, University College London, London WC1E 7HB, UK. Email: simon.j.turner@ucl.ac.uk
Abstract
Objectives Our aim was
to identify the factors influencing the selection of a model of acute
stroke service centralization to create
fewer high-volume specialist units in two
metropolitan areas of England (London and Greater Manchester). It
considers the
reasons why services were more fully centralized
in London than in Greater Manchester.
Methods In both areas,
we analysed 316 documents and conducted 45 interviews with people
leading transformation, service user organizations,
providers and commissioners. Inductive and
deductive analyses were used to compare the processes underpinning
change in each
area, with reference to propositions for
achieving major system change taken from a realist review of the
existing literature
(the Best framework), which we critique and
develop further.
Results In London,
system leadership was used to overcome resistance to centralization and
align stakeholders to implement a centralized
service model. In Greater Manchester, programme
leaders relied on achieving change by consensus and, lacking
decision-making
authority over providers, accommodated rather
than challenged resistance by implementing a less radical transformation
of
services.
Conclusions A
combination of system (top-down) and distributed (bottom-up) leadership
is important in enabling change. System leadership
provides the political authority required to
coordinate stakeholders and to capitalize on clinical leadership by
aligning
it with transformation goals. Policy makers
should examine how the structures of system authority, with performance
management
and financial levers, can be employed to
coordinate transformation by aligning the disparate interests of
providers and commissioners.
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