http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fnagi.2016.00164/full?
- 1Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, ISM, UMR 7287, Marseille, France
- 2Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, LAMHESS, UPRES EA 6309, Nice, France
Introduction
Sedentary older adults are prone to cardiovascular diseases, such as stroke (Bherer et al., 2013),
which occurs when blood flow is interrupted to a part of the brain.
This trauma leads to severe motor dysfunctions and it may also aggravate
cognitive impairments resulting from normal aging (Rafnsson et al., 2007, 2009; Deary et al., 2009; Waldstein and Wendell, 2010).
Indeed, stroke survivors have more than twice the risk of subsequently
developing dementia compared with people who have never had a stroke (Tatemichi et al., 1992; Patel et al., 2002).
For instance, a stroke situated on the left hemisphere might disturb
language and comprehension, which reduce the ability to communicate (Karbe et al., 1990; Pirmoradi et al., 2016).
When the right hemisphere is affected, the intuitive thinking,
reasoning, solving problems as well as the perception, judgment and the
visual-spatial functions could be impaired (Tatemichi et al., 1994; Patel et al., 2002; Cumming et al., 2012; Sun et al., 2014b; Harris et al., 2015; Tiozzo et al., 2015; Save-Pédebos et al., 2016).
It makes thus difficult for patients to locate objects, walk up or down
stairs or get dressed. Consequently, cognitive disorders are one of the
strongest predictor of the inability to return to work, that contribute
to the socioeconomic burden of stroke (Kauranen et al., 2013).
However, stroke-induced cognitive disorders are often underestimated
relative to motor impairments because they are confused with
pre-existing symptoms of age-related mild cognitive impairments or
Alzheimer’s Disease (AD; Figure 1; Sun et al., 2014b; Corriveau et al., 2016). Furthermore, cognitive impairments are frequently associated with poor motor recovery (Patel et al., 2002; Leśniak et al., 2008; Rand et al., 2010).
It suggests that stroke-induced cognitive dysfunctions and brain
plasticity might also affect the stability, flexibility and learning of
complex movements (e.g., locomotion, unimanual aiming, bimanual
coordination), in which cognitive resources are highly involved as it
was already observed in older adults (Temprado et al., 1999, 2013; Sleimen-Malkoun et al., 2012, 2013; Cohen et al., 2016).
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