Hasn't your competent? doctor created EXACT REHAB PROTOCOLS ON THIS IN THE PAST 4 YEARS? NO? So, you don't have a functioning stroke doctor, do you?
bilateral therapy
(4 posts to July 2023)
bilateral training
(4 posts to February 2021)
bilateral upper limb training
(4 posts to July 2021)
Post-Stroke Rehabilitation: Neurophysiology Processes of Bilateral
Movement Training and Interlimb Coupling—A Systematic Review
Systematic Review
Post-Stroke Rehabilitation: Neurophysiology
Processes of Bilateral Movement Training and
Interlimb Coupling—A Systematic Review
Jan A. Kuipers 1,*, Norman Hoffman 1, Frederick R. Carrick 1,2,3,4,5 and Monèm Jemni 1,2,6
1 The Carrick Institute, Cape Canaveral, FL 32920, USA
2 Centre for Mental Health Research in Association with the University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
3 College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32827, USA
4 Burnett School of Biomedical Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32827, USA
5 MGH Institute for Health Professions, Boston, MA 02129, USA
6 Faculty of Physical Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315000, China
* Correspondence: arjan@brain.rehab
Post-Stroke Rehabilitation: Neurophysiology
Processes of Bilateral Movement Training and
Interlimb Coupling—A Systematic Review
Jan A. Kuipers 1,*, Norman Hoffman 1, Frederick R. Carrick 1,2,3,4,5 and Monèm Jemni 1,2,6
1 The Carrick Institute, Cape Canaveral, FL 32920, USA
2 Centre for Mental Health Research in Association with the University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
3 College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32827, USA
4 Burnett School of Biomedical Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32827, USA
5 MGH Institute for Health Professions, Boston, MA 02129, USA
6 Faculty of Physical Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315000, China
* Correspondence: arjan@brain.rehab
Abstract:
This systematic review explores the neurophysiological principles underlying bilateral
movement training (BMT) and interlimb coupling in post-stroke rehabilitation. A 10-year literature
search yielded 199 studies, of which 28 met inclusion criteria for detailed analysis. These studies
examined the effectiveness of BMT in enhancing motor recovery, promoting neuroplasticity, and
improving functional outcomes. Interventions such as task-specific and rhythmic exercises, robotic
assistance, sensory enhancement, and virtual reality were highlighted for their ability to address the
complexities of motor recovery. The review underscores the role of neurophysiological mechanisms,
including central pattern generators (CPGs), interhemispheric coupling, and cortical disinhibition, in
facilitating functional improvements. Evidence shows that high-intensity BMT provides significant
gains for individuals with moderate to severe impairments, while low-intensity training benefits
early recovery stages or those with limited capacity. Despite short-term successes, these
improvements’ sustainability and impact on long-term functional independence remain
underexplored. Key gaps include a limited understanding of individualized responses to BMT,
insufficient research on combined upper and lower limb training, and minimal integration of
advanced technologies like robotics and virtual reality. Additionally, the psychosocial dimensions of
rehabilitation, such as emotional well-being and patient engagement, are often overlooked despite
their critical influence on recovery outcomes. This review advocates a paradigm shift towards
personalized, evidence-based rehabilitation strategies that address these gaps. Stroke rehabilitation
can achieve improved outcomes by leveraging the neurophysiological mechanisms of BMT and
interlimb coupling and incorporating advanced tools and patient-centered approaches. Future
research should prioritize longitudinal studies, technology integration, and stratified interventions
tailored to individual needs to optimize neuroplasticity and enhance the quality of life for stroke
survivors.
movement training (BMT) and interlimb coupling in post-stroke rehabilitation. A 10-year literature
search yielded 199 studies, of which 28 met inclusion criteria for detailed analysis. These studies
examined the effectiveness of BMT in enhancing motor recovery, promoting neuroplasticity, and
improving functional outcomes. Interventions such as task-specific and rhythmic exercises, robotic
assistance, sensory enhancement, and virtual reality were highlighted for their ability to address the
complexities of motor recovery. The review underscores the role of neurophysiological mechanisms,
including central pattern generators (CPGs), interhemispheric coupling, and cortical disinhibition, in
facilitating functional improvements. Evidence shows that high-intensity BMT provides significant
gains for individuals with moderate to severe impairments, while low-intensity training benefits
early recovery stages or those with limited capacity. Despite short-term successes, these
improvements’ sustainability and impact on long-term functional independence remain
underexplored. Key gaps include a limited understanding of individualized responses to BMT,
insufficient research on combined upper and lower limb training, and minimal integration of
advanced technologies like robotics and virtual reality. Additionally, the psychosocial dimensions of
rehabilitation, such as emotional well-being and patient engagement, are often overlooked despite
their critical influence on recovery outcomes. This review advocates a paradigm shift towards
personalized, evidence-based rehabilitation strategies that address these gaps. Stroke rehabilitation
can achieve improved outcomes by leveraging the neurophysiological mechanisms of BMT and
interlimb coupling and incorporating advanced tools and patient-centered approaches. Future
research should prioritize longitudinal studies, technology integration, and stratified interventions
tailored to individual needs to optimize neuroplasticity and enhance the quality of life for stroke
survivors.
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