Chronic caffeine ingestion causes microglia activation, but not proliferation in the healthy brain

For those of you that still see doctors you'll have to ask whether this is good or bad for your recovery. I, however am going to continue my excessive coffee drinking, it keeps me awake and going during the day, delays the onset of dementia. This is caffeine only, not testing coffee, so ask your doctor the difference.

Chronic caffeine ingestion causes microglia activation, but not proliferation in the healthy brain

• Rob Steger^a,
• Arifa Kamal^b,
• Sara Lutchman^b,
• Liliana Intrabartolo^c,
• Rabia Sohail^c,
• Joshua C. Brumberg^{a, b, c, d, ,}

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http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brainresbull.2014.05.004

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Highlights

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Caffeine impacts microglia in both cortical and subcortical regions.

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Caffeine led to lower microglia densities throughout the brain.

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Caffeine transitions microglia into what appears to be an active state.

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Abstract

Caffeine is the most popular psychoactive drug in the world which contributes to behavioral and metabolic changes when ingested. Within the central nervous system (CNS), caffeine has a high affinity for A1 and A2a adenosine receptors. Serving as an antagonist, caffeine affects the ability for adenosine to bind to these receptors. Caffeine has been shown to alter neuronal functioning through increasing spontaneous firing. However, the effects of caffeine on non-neuronal cells in the CNS has been not been studied extensively. Microglia are one phenotype of non-neuronal glia within the CNS. Acting as phagocytes, they contribute to the immune defense system of the brain and express A1 and A2a adenosine receptors. Caffeine, therefore, may affect microglia. In order to test this hypothesis, CD-1 mice were randomly placed into one of three groups: control, low caffeine (0.3 g/L water) and high caffeine (1.0 g/L water) and were allowed to drink freely for 30 days. Following 30 days, brain sections were stained to reveal microglia. Morphological reconstructions and density measurements were examined in cortical and subcortical areas including the primary sensory cortex, primary motor cortex and striatum. Results indicate that microglial density throughout the brain is decreased in the caffeine groups as compared to the control. Caffeine also impacted microglia morphology shortening process length and decreasing branching. These results suggest that chronic caffeine ingestion has a systemic impact on microglia density and their activation.