Tipping off endothelial tubes: nitric oxide drives tip cells

Another reason our doctors should immediately be setting up breathing exercises for survivors. But I bet it will take 20 years and millions of deaths and more disability before we get a stroke protocol on how to breathe.

Breathing Exercises for Your Heart

http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10456-014-9455-0

• Mani Krishna Priya,
• Giriraj Sahu,
• David R. Soto-Pantoja,
• Naga Goldy,
• Abaya Meenakshi Sundaresan,
• Vivek Jadhav,
• T. R. Barathkumar,
• Uttara Saran,
• B. M. Jaffar Ali,
• David D. Roberts,
• … show all 12

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Abstract

Angiogenesis, the formation of new blood vessels from pre-existing vessels, is a complex process that warrants cell migration, proliferation, tip cell formation, ring formation, and finally tube formation. Angiogenesis is initiated by a single leader endothelial cell called “tip cell,” followed by vessel elongation by “stalk cells.” Tip cells are characterized by their long filopodial extensions and expression of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 and endocan. Although nitric oxide (NO) is an important modulator of angiogenesis, its role in angiogenic sprouting and specifically in tip cell formation is poorly understood. The present study tested the role of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS)/NO/cyclic GMP (cGMP) signaling in tip cell formation. In primary endothelial cell culture, about 40 % of the tip cells showed characteristic sub-cellular localization of eNOS toward the anterior progressive end of the tip cells, and eNOS became phosphorylated at serine 1177. Loss of eNOS suppressed tip cell formation. Live cell NO imaging demonstrated approximately 35 % more NO in tip cells compared with stalk cells. Tip cells showed increased level of cGMP relative to stalk cells. Further, the dissection of NO downstream signaling using pharmacological inhibitors and inducers indicates that NO uses the sGC/cGMP pathway in tip cells to lead angiogenesis. Taken together, the present study confirms that eNOS/NO/cGMP signaling defines the direction of tip cell migration and thereby initiates new blood vessel formation.