What the fuck is the possible use of this research in getting survivors 100% recovered? Describes a problem, but too fucking lazy to even suggest a solution.
Assessing the Relationship Between Motor Anticipation and Cortical Excitability in Subacute Stroke Patients With Movement-Related Potentials
- 1Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Guangdong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Rehabilitation Medicine and Translation, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- 2Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, The Secondary Medical College, Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- 3Xinhua College of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
Background: Stroke survivors may lack
the cognitive ability to anticipate the required control for palmar
grasp execution. The cortical mechanisms involved in motor anticipation
of palmar grasp movement and its association with post-stroke hand
function remains unknown.
Aims: To investigate (Not come up with a solution to the problem)the cognitive
anticipation process during a palmar grasp task in subacute stroke
survivors and to compare with healthy individuals. The association
between cortical excitability and hand function was also explored.
Methods: Twenty-five participants with
hemiparesis within 1–6 months after first unilateral stroke were
recruited. Twenty-five matched healthy individuals were recruited as
control. Contingent negative variation (CNV) was measured using
electroencephalography recordings (EEG). Event related potentials were
elicited by cue triggered hand movement paradigm. CNV onset time and
amplitude between pre-cue and before movement execution were recorded.
Results: The differences in CNV onset
time and peak amplitude were statistically significant between the
subacute stroke and control groups, with patients showing earlier onset
time with increased amplitudes. However, there was no statistically
significant difference in CNV onset time and peak amplitude between
lesioned and non-lesioned hemisphere in the subacute stroke group. Low
to moderate linear associations were observed between cortical
excitability and hand function.
Conclusions: The earlier CNV onset time
and higher peak amplitude observed in the subacute stroke group suggest
increased brain computational demand during palmar grasp task. The lack
of difference in CNV amplitude between the lesioned and non-lesioned
hemisphere within the subacute stroke group may suggest that the
non-lesioned hemisphere plays a role in the motor anticipatory process.
The moderate correlations suggested that hand function may be associated
with cortical processing of motor anticipation.
Introduction
Cognitive Process of Movement Anticipation in Stroke Patients
Stroke is among the leading causes of long-term disability worldwide (1). It is one of the most severe issues encountered by the aging population (2). Seventy-five percent of stroke survivors have motor dysfunction that affects body coordination and motor skill (3). Motion prediction is a key component of cognitive function and is a high-level function that affects motor control (4).
Motor function recovery is often measured in terms of motor execution,
with little consideration given to the high level cognitive processes
that feeds into the actual motor response (5).
To execute activities of daily living such as reach and grasp, the
upper extremity must apply the correct force, move the precise range and
accurately coordinate multiple limb segments (6–10).
The cognitive ability to anticipate the required movement control is
therefore fundamental to hand motor performance. Published literature
indicates that stroke patients lack the anticipatory ability of upper
limb movement that is associated with palmar grasp (11–13).
The lack of ability to anticipate was evidenced in the suboptimal
application of force by producing markedly increased grip forces during
lifting, holding and moving a hand-held object in patients with acute
stroke (14).
Patients with chronic stroke demonstrated a slower response to adapt to
the perturbing force and exhibited smaller aftereffects when the
perturbing force was unexpectedly removed than healthy controls (11).
Discussion
The primary aim of this study was to investigate the
difference in the cognitive anticipation process between the lesioned
and non-lesioned hemisphere in subacute stroke survivors and to compared
those with healthy individuals.(Useless for recovery) The association between the
electrophysiological process and the functional level as measured by the
ARAT in the stroke group was also investigated.
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