Exosomes Derived From Mesenchymal Stem Cells: Novel Effects in the Treatment of Ischemic Stroke

 When the hell will we get EXACT REHAB PROTOCOLS from exosome research? Specifics names only!

Exosomes Derived From Mesenchymal Stem Cells: Novel Effects in the Treatment of Ischemic Stroke

Yu Xiong¹, Jianping Song^2,3,4,5,6,7, Xinyue Huang¹, Zhigang Pan¹, Roland Goldbrunner⁸, Lampis Stavrinou⁹, Shu Lin^10,11*, Weipeng Hu^1*, Feng Zheng^1* and Pantelis Stavrinou^8,12

• ¹Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China
• ²Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Medical College, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
• ³National Center for Neurological Disorders, Shanghai, China
• ⁴Neurosurgical Institute of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
• ⁵Shanghai Clinical Medical Center of Neurosurgery, Shanghai, China
• ⁶State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
• ⁷Department of Neurosurgery, National Regional Medical Center, Fudan University Huashan Hospital Fujian Campus, The First Affiliated Hospital Binhai Campus, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
• ⁸Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, Center for Neurosurgery, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
• ⁹2nd Department of Neurosurgery, Athens Medical School, “Attikon” University Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University, Athens, Greece
• ¹⁰Centre of Neurological and Metabolic Research, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China
• ¹¹Diabetes and Metabolism Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
• ¹²Department of Neurosurgery, Metropolitan Hospital, Athens, Greece

Ischemic stroke is defined as an infarction in the brain, caused by impaired cerebral blood supply, leading to local brain tissue ischemia, hypoxic necrosis, and corresponding neurological deficits. At present, revascularization strategies in patients with acute ischemic stroke include intravenous thrombolysis and mechanical endovascular treatment. However, due to the short treatment time window (<4.5 h) and method restrictions, clinical research is focused on new methods to treat ischemic stroke. Exosomes are nano-sized biovesicles produced in the endosomal compartment of most eukaryotic cells, containing DNA, complex RNA, and protein (30–150 nm). They are released into surrounding extracellular fluid upon fusion between multivesicular bodies and the plasma membrane. Exosomes have the characteristics of low immunogenicity, good innate stability, high transmission efficiency, and the ability to cross the blood–brain barrier, making them potential therapeutic modalities for the treatment of ischemic stroke. The seed sequence of miRNA secreted by exosomes is base-paired with complementary mRNA to improve the microenvironment of ischemic tissue, thereby regulating downstream signal transduction activities. With exosome research still in the theoretical and experimental stages, this review aims to shed light on the potential of exosomes derived from mesenchymal stem cells in the treatment of ischemic stroke.

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