Did your competent? doctor and hospital DO ANYTHING with this from 2001? NO? So, incompetence reigned! And the board of directors is so incompetent that they allow doing nothing to continue for decades!
Found spermidine this from this article: How to get the anti-ageing benefits of fasting without having to give up eating
Spermidine: A Predictor for Neurological Outcome and Infarct Size in Focal Cerebral Ischemia?
Abstract
Background and Purpose—Polyamines
are mainly restricted to the intracellular space. During focal cerebral
ischemia, polyamines are released from the intracellular compartment.
Experimental studies have implicated a marked elevation in brain tissue
and blood. The aim of our study was to investigate whether the elevation
of polyamines in the blood of patients with focal cerebral ischemia
correlates with the clinical outcome and the infarct volume.
Methods—Polyamines
were measured in 16 patients with focal cerebral ischemia and in 8
healthy control subjects. Blood samples for polyamine measurement were
taken at admission and at fixed time points for the next 28 days.
Polyamines were analyzed in red blood cells by a high-pressure liquid
chromatography system. Clinical findings were recorded with the NIH
Stroke Scale score. Volume of infarction was analyzed from cranial CT at
admission and on days 4 to 6 after ischemia.
Results—A
significant increase of the spermidine level in the peripheral blood
could be observed in all patients with focal cerebral ischemia as
compared with control subjects (P<0.01), starting with the
admission. Spermidine values correlated positively with the clinical
outcome at several time points in the first 48 hours (r=0.90 to 0.40; P<0.01) and with the infarct volume in cranial CT on days 4 to 6 (r=0.91; P<0.01).
Conclusions—As
hypothesized from experimental data, polyamine levels in blood increase
in patients after focal cerebral ischemia. The results indicate that
the peripheral spermidine level is closely associated with the clinical
outcome as well as with the infarction volume. Therefore, polyamines may
be used as a novel predictor for the prognosis of patients with focal
cerebral ischemia.
The
endogenous polyamines putrescine, spermidine, and spermine are
low-molecular-weight aliphatic amines that are found in high
concentrations in the brain.1 Polyamine metabolism is regulated by the activity of the first key enzyme ornithine decarboxylase (ODC).2
Polyamines are predominantly found intracellularly, whereas only
smaller amounts could be observed in the extracellular space or in the
peripheral blood.3 Animal studies have shown that polyamines play an important role in the ischemic cascade.4 5 Polyamines activate N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors,6 7 8 9 followed by a calcium influx. Other possible mechanisms are calcium-related events at the cell membrane10 11 and release of neurotransmitters from nerve endings.11
However, polyamines have not been determined in clinical studies of
cerebral ischemia, and their clinical significance is thus unknown.
Because
polyamines are released from the intracellular compartment during focal
cerebral ischemia, the aim of our study was to analyze their value as a
marker of neuronal tissue destruction in the peripheral blood and a
potential predictor for clinical outcome in the acute stage of stroke.
Subjects and Methods
Patients
The
polyamine level was determined in 16 patients (6 women and 10 men; mean
age±SD, 70.4±8.3 years) with a first-ever acute focal cerebral ischemia
(<6 hours) of the middle cerebral artery (MCA) as determined by
clinical signs and cranial CT. Adults of any age were included, and
informed consent was obtained according to the Helsinki Declaration of
Ethical Requirements. CT as well as blood samples were part of the
routine workup.
Exclusion criteria were (1)
brain stem or lacunar stroke, (2) a transient neurological deficit with
rapid recovery during workup, (3) a previous ischemia in the same
territory, and (4) primary or secondary cerebral hemorrhage with
preexisting disability.
All patients
underwent a complete cerebrovascular workup, including extracranial and
transcranial Doppler ultrasound, electrocardiography, echocardiography,
and serum investigations for exclusion of coagulation disorders.
An
age-matched healthy group (68.8±15.3, n=8) with no previous
neurological disorder or severe general disease served as control
subjects. The level of polyamines was determined at the same time points
as in the patient group.
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