http://pss.sagepub.com/content/19/12/1207
+ Author Affiliations
- Marc G. Berman, Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, 530 Church St., Ann Arbor, MI 48109–1043, e-mail: bermanm@umich.edu.
Abstract
We compare the restorative effects on
cognitive functioning of interactions with natural versus urban
environments. Attention
restoration theory (ART) provides an analysis of
the kinds of environments that lead to improvements in
directed-attention
abilities. Nature, which is filled with intriguing
stimuli, modestly grabs attention in a bottom-up fashion, allowing top-down directed-attention abilities a chance to replenish. Unlike natural
environments, urban environments are filled with stimulation that captures attention dramatically
and additionally requires directed attention (e.g., to avoid being hit
by a car), making them less restorative. We present
two experiments that show that walking in nature or
viewing pictures of nature can improve directed-attention abilities as
measured with a backwards digit-span task and the
Attention Network Task, thus validating attention restoration theory.
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The results showed that people’s performance on the test improved by
almost 20% after wandering amongst the trees. By comparison those
subjected to a busy street did not reliably improve on the test.In the second study participants weren’t even allowed to leave the lab but instead some stared at pictures of natural scenes while others looked at urban environments. The improvements weren’t quite as impressive as the first study, but, once again, the trees and fields beat the roads and lampposts.
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