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Nose-to-Brain Drug Delivery by Nanoparticles in the Treatment of Neurological Disorders
Abstract
Many
potential drugs for the treatment of neurological diseases are unable
to reach the brain in sufficient enough concentrations to be therapeutic
because of the blood brain barrier. On the other hand, direct delivery
of drugs to the brain provides the possibility of a greater
therapeutic-toxic ratio than with systemic drug delivery. The use of
intranasal delivery of therapeutic agents to the brain provides a means
of bypassing the blood brain barrier in a non-invasive manner. With this
respect, nanosized drug carriers were shown to enhance the delivery of
drugs to CNS compared to equivalent drug solutions formulations.
Neurological conditions that have been studied in animal models that
could benefit from nose-to-brain delivery of nanotherapeutics include
pain, epilepsy, neurodegenerative disease, and infectious diseases. The
delivery of drugs to the brain via nose-to-brain route holds great
promise, on the basis of preclinical research by means of drug delivery
systems such as polymeric nanoparticles (Np) and clinical data related
to intranasal delivery to CNS of large molecular weight biologics
administered in solution, but safety issues about toxicity on nasal
mucosa, Np transport into the brain, delivery only to specific brain
area and variability in the adsorbed dose still represent research
topics that need to be considered with a view of clinical translation of
these delivery systems.
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