Have your doctor analyze this and see how this will get you 100% recovered. It is your responsibility to make sure your doctor understands that the only goal in stroke is 100% recovery. And you expect her/him to have EXACT STROKE PROTOCOLS TO GET THERE!
Extracellular Vesicles in Regeneration and Rehabilitation Recovery after Stroke
Alice Gualerzi *, Silvia Picciolini , Francesca Rodà and Marzia Bedoni
Citation: Gualerzi, A.; Picciolini, S.;
Rodà, F.; Bedoni, M. Extracellular
Vesicles in Regeneration and
Rehabilitation Recovery after Stroke.
Biology 2021, 10, 843.
https://doi.org/
10.3390/biology10090843
Academic Editors: Simona Bernardi
and Carolina Balbi
Received: 20 July 2021
Accepted: 25 August 2021
Published: 30 August 2021
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral
with regard to jurisdictional claims in
published maps and institutional affiliations.
Copyright: © 2021 by the authors.
Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
This article is an open access article
distributed under the terms and
conditions of the Creative Commons
Attribution (CC BY) license (https://
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/
4.0/).
IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi Onlus, 20148 Milan, Italy; spicciolini@dongnocchi.it (S.P.);
froda@dongnocchi.it (F.R.); mbedoni@dongnocchi.it (M.B.)
* Correspondence: agualerzi@dongnocchi.it; Tel.: +39-02-4030-8533
Simple Summary: Patients that survive after a stroke event may present disabilities that can persist
for a long time or permanently after it. Clinical intervention with pharmacological and rehabilitation
therapies must follow the correct timing and dosing to guarantee optimal recovery of the patients.
Extracellular vesicles are nanometric cell products that can be detected in body fluids such as blood
and urine; their use as biomarkers for the personalization of stroke therapy and rehabilitation
(rehabilomics) might help clinicians and patients to reach the optimal recovery and ameliorate patient
quality of life. Moreover, extracellular vesicles released by cells such as stem cells or other human
cells are under investigation for their possible regenerative role that could be coupled to standard
therapies to stimulate brain remodeling and ameliorate the recovery after stroke. In this review
we describe some of the most recent advancements in the field and discuss the potentialities of
extracellular vesicles in brain regeneration and rehabilitation after stroke.
Citation: Gualerzi, A.; Picciolini, S.;
Rodà, F.; Bedoni, M. Extracellular
Vesicles in Regeneration and
Rehabilitation Recovery after Stroke.
Biology 2021, 10, 843.
https://doi.org/
10.3390/biology10090843
Academic Editors: Simona Bernardi
and Carolina Balbi
Received: 20 July 2021
Accepted: 25 August 2021
Published: 30 August 2021
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral
with regard to jurisdictional claims in
published maps and institutional affiliations.
Copyright: © 2021 by the authors.
Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
This article is an open access article
distributed under the terms and
conditions of the Creative Commons
Attribution (CC BY) license (https://
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/
4.0/).
IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi Onlus, 20148 Milan, Italy; spicciolini@dongnocchi.it (S.P.);
froda@dongnocchi.it (F.R.); mbedoni@dongnocchi.it (M.B.)
* Correspondence: agualerzi@dongnocchi.it; Tel.: +39-02-4030-8533
Simple Summary: Patients that survive after a stroke event may present disabilities that can persist
for a long time or permanently after it. Clinical intervention with pharmacological and rehabilitation
therapies must follow the correct timing and dosing to guarantee optimal recovery of the patients.
Extracellular vesicles are nanometric cell products that can be detected in body fluids such as blood
and urine; their use as biomarkers for the personalization of stroke therapy and rehabilitation
(rehabilomics) might help clinicians and patients to reach the optimal recovery and ameliorate patient
quality of life. Moreover, extracellular vesicles released by cells such as stem cells or other human
cells are under investigation for their possible regenerative role that could be coupled to standard
therapies to stimulate brain remodeling and ameliorate the recovery after stroke. In this review
we describe some of the most recent advancements in the field and discuss the potentialities of
extracellular vesicles in brain regeneration and rehabilitation after stroke.
Abstract:
Patients that survive after a stroke event may present disabilities that can persist for a long
time or permanently after it. If stroke prevention fails, the prompt and combinatorial intervention
with pharmacological and rehabilitation therapy is pivotal for the optimal recovery of patients and
the reduction of disabilities. In the present review, we summarize some key features of the complex
events that occur in the brain during and after the stroke event, with a special focus on extracellular
vesicles (EVs) and their role as both carriers of biomarkers and potential therapeutics. EVs have
already demonstrated their ability to be used for diagnostic purposes for multiple brain disorders
and could represent valuable tools to track the regenerative and inflammatory processes occurring in
the injured brain after stroke. Last, but not least, the use of artificial or stem cell-derived EVs were
proved to be effective in stimulating brain remodeling and ameliorating recovery after stroke. Still,
effective biomarkers of recovery are needed to design robust trials for the validation of innovative
therapeutic strategies, such as regenerative rehabilitation approaches.
time or permanently after it. If stroke prevention fails, the prompt and combinatorial intervention
with pharmacological and rehabilitation therapy is pivotal for the optimal recovery of patients and
the reduction of disabilities. In the present review, we summarize some key features of the complex
events that occur in the brain during and after the stroke event, with a special focus on extracellular
vesicles (EVs) and their role as both carriers of biomarkers and potential therapeutics. EVs have
already demonstrated their ability to be used for diagnostic purposes for multiple brain disorders
and could represent valuable tools to track the regenerative and inflammatory processes occurring in
the injured brain after stroke. Last, but not least, the use of artificial or stem cell-derived EVs were
proved to be effective in stimulating brain remodeling and ameliorating recovery after stroke. Still,
effective biomarkers of recovery are needed to design robust trials for the validation of innovative
therapeutic strategies, such as regenerative rehabilitation approaches.
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