Changing stroke rehab and research worldwide now.Time is Brain! trillions and trillions of neurons that DIE each day because there are NO effective hyperacute therapies besides tPA(only 12% effective). I have 523 posts on hyperacute therapy, enough for researchers to spend decades proving them out. These are my personal ideas and blog on stroke rehabilitation and stroke research. Do not attempt any of these without checking with your medical provider. Unless you join me in agitating, when you need these therapies they won't be there.

What this blog is for:

My blog is not to help survivors recover, it is to have the 10 million yearly stroke survivors light fires underneath their doctors, stroke hospitals and stroke researchers to get stroke solved. 100% recovery. The stroke medical world is completely failing at that goal, they don't even have it as a goal. Shortly after getting out of the hospital and getting NO information on the process or protocols of stroke rehabilitation and recovery I started searching on the internet and found that no other survivor received useful information. This is an attempt to cover all stroke rehabilitation information that should be readily available to survivors so they can talk with informed knowledge to their medical staff. It lays out what needs to be done to get stroke survivors closer to 100% recovery. It's quite disgusting that this information is not available from every stroke association and doctors group.

Monday, February 29, 2016

Dorsal Raphe Dopamine Neurons Represent the Experience of Social Isolation

Ask your doctor if damage to this area is causing your social isolation. S/he should know at least that much. What is their stroke protocol to fix that problem?
http://www.cell.com/cell/abstract/S0092-8674%2815%2901704-3
Gillian A. Matthews3
,
Edward H. Nieh3
,
Caitlin M. Vander Weele3
,
Sarah A. Halbert
,
Roma V. Pradhan
,
Ariella S. Yosafat
,
Gordon F. Glober
,
Ehsan M. Izadmehr
,
Rain E. Thomas
,
Gabrielle D. Lacy
,
Craig P. Wildes
,
Mark A. Ungless4correspondence
,
Kay M. Tye4correspondence
3Co-first author
4Co-senior author
Open Access
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2015.12.040
|
Open access funded by Medical Research Council
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Figure thumbnail fx1

Highlights

  • •Dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) dopamine neurons are sensitive to acute social isolation
  • •DRN dopamine neurons release dopamine and glutamate in downstream structures
  • •Optical activation induces, whereas inhibition suppresses, a “loneliness-like” state
  • •Social rank predicts the behavioral effect induced by optical manipulations

Summary

The motivation to seek social contact may arise from either positive or negative emotional states, as social interaction can be rewarding and social isolation can be aversive. While ventral tegmental area (VTA) dopamine (DA) neurons may mediate social reward, a cellular substrate for the negative affective state of loneliness has remained elusive. Here, we identify a functional role for DA neurons in the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN), in which we observe synaptic changes following acute social isolation. DRN DA neurons show increased activity upon social contact following isolation, revealed by in vivo calcium imaging. Optogenetic activation of DRN DA neurons increases social preference but causes place avoidance. Furthermore, these neurons are necessary for promoting rebound sociability following an acute period of isolation. Finally, the degree to which these neurons modulate behavior is predicted by social rank, together supporting a role for DRN dopamine neurons in mediating a loneliness-like state.
This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
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