Multi-Targeting Andrographolide, a Novel NF-κB Inhibitor, as a Potential Therapeutic Agent for Stroke

 Does the full text show promise and what did your doctors and stroke hospital do with that information? Sit on it like lazy asses? If you had a functioning stroke hospital there would be a research analyst to ask about that. But I bet you don't have one, whose only job is to evaluate stroke research and implement the good stuff in the hospital. Each hospital would not need to have a research analyst if we had great stroke associations  rather than the  fucking failures of stroke associations we have now

Multi-Targeting Andrographolide, a Novel NF-κB Inhibitor, as a Potential Therapeutic Agent for Stroke

by

Chih-Hao Yang

¹,

Ting-Lin Yen

^1,2,

Chia-Yuan Hsu

³,

Philip-Aloysius Thomas

⁴,

Joen-Rong Sheu

^1,5,* and

Thanasekaran Jayakumar

^1,*

¹ Department of Pharmacology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan

² Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Cathay General Hospital, Taipei 200, Taiwan

³ Department of Life Science, College of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan

⁴ Department of Ocular Microbiology, Institute of Ophthalmology, Joseph Eye Hospital, Tiruchirappalli 620001, Tamil Nadu, India

⁵ Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan

^*

Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2017, 18(8), 1638; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms18081638

Received: 4 July 2017 / Revised: 24 July 2017 / Accepted: 26 July 2017 / Published: 27 July 2017

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Neuroprotective Strategies 2017)

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Abstract

A key focus in the field of drug discovery has been motivated by the neuroprotection of natural compounds. Cerebral ischemia is a multifaceted pathological process with a series of mechanisms, and a perspective for the development of neuroprotectants from traditional herbal medicine or natural products is a promising treatment for this disease. Natural compounds with the effects of anti-oxidation, anti-inflammation, anti-apoptosis, and neurofunctional regulation exhibit therapeutic effects on experimental ischemic brain injury. Conferring to the pharmacological mechanisms underlying neuroprotection, a study found that androgapholide, a diterpene lactone compound, exhibits varying degrees of neuroprotective activities in both in vitro and in vivo experimental models of stroke. The neuroprotective mechanisms of andrographolide are suggested as: (I) increasing nuclear factor E2-related factor 2-heme oxygenase (Nrf2-HO-1) expression through p38-mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) regulation, (II) inducing cerebral endothelial cells (CEC) apoptosis and caspase-3 activation, (III) down regulating Bax, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and (IV) inhibiting hydroxyl radical (OH⁻) formation, and activating transcription factor NF-κB signaling pathways. Recently, several researchers have also been trying to unveil the principal mechanisms involved in the neuroprotective effects of andrographolide. Therefore, this review aims to summarize an overview on the neuroprotective effects of andrographolide and exemplifies the essential mechanisms involved. This paper can provide information that andrographolide drug discovery may be a promising strategy for the development of a novel class of neuroprotective drug. View Full-Text

Keywords: andrographolide; neuroprotection; stroke; multi-targets; signaling pathways

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