Association of breakfast intake with incident stroke and coronary heart disease
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authors sought to prospectively investigate whether the omission of
breakfast is related to increased risks of stroke and coronary heart
disease in general Japanese populations. The frequency of breakfast
intake was inversely associated with the risk of stroke, especially
cerebral hemorrhage in Japanese, suggesting that eating breakfast
everyday may be beneficial for the prevention of stroke.
Methods
- A total of 82 772 participants (38 676 men and 44 096 women) aged 45 to 74 years without histories of cardiovascular disease or cancer were followed up from 1995 to 2010.
- Participants were classified as having breakfast 0 to 2, 3 to 4, 5 to 6, or 7 times/wk.
- The hazard ratios of cardiovascular disease were estimated using Cox proportional hazards models.
Results
- During the 1 050 030 person–years of follow–up, the authors documented a total of 4642 incident cases, 3772 strokes (1051 cerebral hemorrhages, 417 subarachnoid hemorrhages, and 2286 cerebral infarctions), and 870 coronary heart disease.
- Multivariable analysis showed that those consuming no breakfast per week compared with those consuming breakfast everyday had hazard ratios (95% confidence interval; P for trend) of 1.14 (1.01–1.27; 0.013) for total cardiovascular disease, 1.18 (1.04–1.34; 0.007) for total stroke, and 1.36 (1.10–1.70; 0.004) for cerebral hemorrhage.
- Similar results were observed even after exclusion of early cardiovascular events.
- No significant association between the frequency of breakfast intake and the risk of coronary heart disease was observed.
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