HARM revisited: Etiology of subarachnoid hyperintensities in brain FLAIR MRI

 

So you documented a problem, WHAT THE FUCK IS THE SOLUTION TO PREVENT IT? My directors would never let me get away with describing a problem without having a possible solution in hand. I'd be fired in no time.

HARM revisited: Etiology of subarachnoid hyperintensities in brain FLAIR MRI

Show all authors

Katharina Althaus, Martin Kasel, Albert C Ludolph, ...

First Published January 5, 2022 Research Article 

https://doi.org/10.1177/17474930211064754

Article information

Abstract

Background:

The hyperintense acute reperfusion marker (HARM) describes a phenomenon with a hyperintense signal in the subarachnoid space in Fluid-Attenuated Inversion Recovery (FLAIR) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) sequences, presumably based on blood–brain barrier breakdown in acute stroke with reperfusion. However, this imaging phenomenon was described in other medical conditions.

Aim:

Determination of the prevalence and associated clinical findings of this phenomenon in a large sample of patients with different neurological conditions.

Methods:

This is retrospective, single-center, observational study of 23,948 cerebral MRIs acquired in a Neurological University Clinic over 5 years. The prevalence of HARM, the underlying diagnosis, and damage pattern were examined by chart analysis; MRI was analyzed regarding the type of acute lesions, extent of microangiopathic lesions, and whether gadolinium-based contrast agent (GBCA) was given.

Results:

Among the MRI data, 84 images (0.35%) from 61 patients were HARM-positive without a subarachnoid signal abnormality in any other sequence. Etiologies were heterogeneous; 35 patients had a cerebrovascular disease (CVD; 19 patients received recanalization therapy), 12 patients had an inflammatory central nervous system (CNS) disease and 14 patients had epilepsy. GBCA was applied to 64% of the patients.

Conclusion:

HARM was a rare radiological finding in a range of different neurological pathologies, not limited to stroke, or to previous reperfusion therapy and was not dependent on previous GBCA administration. Our data suggest that the term is too narrow in terms of the concepts of the underlying pathology. We propose to use the term FLAIR Subarachnoid Hyperintensity (“FLASH”) phenomenon which might better reflect the observation that the radiological sign can be associated with a variety of central neurological conditions without a straightforward association with therapy.

Keywords

Magnetic resonance imaging, MRI, FLAIR, subarachnoid hyperintensities, stroke, gadolinium

Access Options