http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165027004003826
Abstract
The
physical basis for electrical stimulation of excitable tissue, as used
by electrophysiological researchers and clinicians in functional
electrical stimulation, is presented with emphasis on the fundamental
mechanisms of charge injection at the electrode/tissue interface.
Faradaic and non-Faradaic charge transfer mechanisms are presented and
contrasted. An electrical model of the electrode/tissue interface is
given. The physical basis for the origin of electrode potentials is
given. Various methods of controlling charge delivery during pulsing are
presented. Electrochemical reversibility is discussed. Commonly used
electrode materials and stimulation protocols are reviewed in terms of
stimulation efficacy and safety. Principles of stimulation of excitable
tissue are reviewed with emphasis on efficacy and safety. Mechanisms of
damage to tissue and the electrode are reviewed.
Keywords
- Efficacy;
- Electrode;
- Interface;
- Protocol;
- Safety;
- Stimulation
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Copyright © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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