Intravenous Ancrod for Treatment of Acute Ischemic Stroke
Biting back - snake venom contains toxic clotting factors
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Or bat saliva
vampire bat saliva
http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0109977#pone-0109977-g007
Tao Wang equal contributor,
Shi-Wei Wang equal
contributor,
Yue Zhang,
Xue-Fei Wu,
Yan Peng,
Zhen Cao,
Bi-Ying Ge,
Xi Wang,
Qiong Wu,
Jin-Tao Lin,
Wan-Qin Zhang,
Shao Li mail,
Jie Zhao mail
Published: October
09, 2014
DOI:
10.1371/journal.pone.0109977
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Abstract
Scorpion venom heat-resistant peptide (SVHRP) is a component
purified from Buthus martensii Karsch scorpion venom. Although scorpions and
their venom have been used in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) to treat
chronic neurological disorders, the underlying mechanisms of these treatments
remain unknown. We applied SVHRP in vitro and in vivo to understand its effects
on the neurogenesis and maturation of adult immature neurons and explore
associated molecular mechanisms. SVHRP administration increased the number of
5-bromo-2’-dexoxyuridine (BrdU)-positive cells, BrdU- positive/neuron-specific
nuclear protein (NeuN)-positive neurons, and polysialylated-neural cell
adhesion molecule (PSA-NCAM)-positive immature neurons in the subventricular
zone (SVZ) and subgranular zone (SGZ) of hippocampus. Furthermore immature
neurons incubated with SVHRP-pretreated astrocyte-conditioned medium exhibited
significantly increased neurite length compared with those incubated with
normal astrocyte-conditioned medium. This neurotrophic effect was further
confirmed in vivo by detecting an increased average single area and whole area
of immature neurons in the SGZ, SVZ and olfactory bulb (OB) in the adult mouse
brain. In contrast to normal astrocyte-conditioned medium, higher
concentrations of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) but not nerve growth
factor (NGF) or glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) was detected
in the conditioned medium of SVHRP-pretreated astrocytes, and blocking BDNF
using anti-BDNF antibodies eliminated these SVHRP-dependent neurotrophic
effects. In SVHRP treated mouse brain, more glial fibrillary acidic protein
(GFAP)-positive cells were detected. Furthermore, immunohistochemistry revealed
increased numbers of GFAP/BDNF double-positive cells, which agrees with the
observed changes in the culture system. This paper describes novel effects of
scorpion venom-originated peptide on the stem cells and suggests the potential
therapeutic values of SVHRP.
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