Soft water, heart attacks, and stroke
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Water constituents and trace elements in relation to cardiovascular diseases
Significant inverse correlations between the hardness of drinking water
and local cardiovascular mortality rates are found consistently in major
national studies and less consistently within smaller regions. A number
of bulk and trace constituents of finished water at the treatment plant
show correlations with mortality of equal but not greater magnitude to
the correlations of hardness with mortality.
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Calcium and Magnesium in Drinking Water and Risk of Death From Cerebrovascular Disease
Conclusions—The results of the present study show that there is a significant protective effect of magnesium intake from drinking water on the risk of cerebrovascular disease. This is an important finding for the Taiwan water industry and human health.
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British Regional Heart Study: geographic variations in cardiovascular mortality, and the role of water quality
Thus a negative relation existed between water hardness and cardiovascular mortality, although climate and socioeconomic conditions also appeared to be important influences.
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Cardiovascular mortality and morbidity in seven counties in Sweden in relation to water hardness and geological settings - The project: Myocardial Infarction in Mid-Sweden
Water hardness (Ca + Mg and other minor constituents), and the sulphate and bicarbonate concentrations of the drinking water were inversely related to IHD(ischaemic heart disease) as well as stroke mortality.
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Water hardness and cardiovascular diseases
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Stroke-associated deaths in Washington county, Maryland, with special reference to water hardness.
Deaths associated with strokes from 1963 to 1975 among 36,860 adult
residents of Washington County, Maryland, were studied
in relation to the hardness of drinking water at
home, assessed on the basis of 1,569 water samples taken during this
period.
There was no satisfactory evidence that water
hardness was related to stroke mortality. Age was a strongly related
factor.
There was little or no association with sex,
marital status, socio-economic status as reflected by education or
housing, smoking
history, or frequency of church attendance.
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Review of epidemiological studies on drinking water hardness and cardiovascular diseases
Many but not all ecological studies found an inverse (i.e., protective) association between cardiovascular disease mortality
and water hardness, calcium, or magnesium levels; but results are not consistent.
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