https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/acn3.544
First published: 25 March 2018
Abstract
Brain‐computer interfaces (BCIs) can provide sensory feedback
of ongoing brain oscillations, enabling stroke survivors
to modulate their sensorimotor rhythms purposefully. A number
of recent clinical studies
indicate that repeated use of such BCIs might trigger
neurological recovery and hence improvement in motor function. Here,
we provide a first meta‐analysis evaluating the clinical
effectiveness of BCI‐based post‐stroke motor rehabilitation. Trials were
identified using MEDLINE, CENTRAL, PEDro and by inspection of
references in several review articles. We selected randomized
controlled trials that used BCIs for post‐stroke motor
rehabilitation and provided motor impairment scores before
and after the intervention. A random‐effects inverse variance
method was used to calculate
the summary effect size. We initially identified 524 articles
and, after removing
duplicates, we screened titles and abstracts of 473 articles.
We found 26 articles
corresponding to BCI clinical trials, of these, there were nine
studies that involved a total of 235 post‐stroke
survivors that fulfilled the inclusion criterion (randomized
controlled trials that
examined motor performance as an outcome measure) for the
meta‐analysis. Motor improvements,
mostly quantified by the upper limb Fugl‐Meyer Assessment
(FMA‐UE), exceeded the minimal clinically important difference
(MCID=5.25) in six BCI studies, while such improvement was reached only
in three control groups. Overall,
the BCI training was associated with a standardized mean
difference of 0.79 (95% CI: 0.37 to 1.20) in FMA‐UE compared to control
conditions, which is in the range of medium to large summary
effect size. In addition, several studies indicated BCI‐induced
functional and structural neuroplasticity at a subclinical level. This
suggests
that BCI technology could be(not good enough, will be should be the only answer) an effective intervention for
post‐stroke upper limb rehabilitation.
However, more studies with larger sample size are required to
increase the reliability
of these results.
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