Yoga, be careful out there, it's dangerous doing this without your doctors knowledge. The crow especially. Only 9 pages in total.
http://scholar.google.com/scholar_url?hl=en&q=http://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/ecam/2013/357108.pdf&sa=X&scisig=AAGBfm2IYv7N3_zqIQSaBOLypOImQOxauw&oi=scholaralrt
1. Introduction
Stroke is one of the most prevalent diseases worldwide
causing devastating impairments and negative consequences
for survivors [1]. Moreover, it is a main cause of adult onset
disability among people and the cost for care is among
one of the fastest-growing Medicare expenses [2]. Poststroke
therapy may improve recovery and reduce long-term disability
[3], but more psychological therapies for evaluating the
specific effects of rehabilitation are needed. Given that many
rehabilitation programs currently offer yoga as an option to
patients, and that yoga is included as a therapeutic option in
a number of rehabilitation medicine texts [4–6], a systematic
review of its importance warrants further investigation.
Yoga and mindfulness can be regarded as a main form
of alternative medicine therapy [7]. Yoga is an ancient
tradition coming from the Sanskrit word “yoga” meaning
union or one-pointed awareness. In the Yoga sutras, Patanjali
defined the word “yoga” in the first sutra as Atha yoga
anushasanam, which means “yoga” is a form of discipline [8].
The word “anushasan” can be broken down into two parts:
“anu” meaning “the subtle aspects of human personality,”
and “shasan” meaning to “rule over” or to “govern” [9].
Therefore, the concept of yogic discipline is knowledge of
the subtle dimensions, the aspects of human personality and
directing or governing the subtle nature. In the absence of
this discipline there will always be a search to find happiness
and harmony, a persistent sense of emptiness inside, and
a feeling of not fulfilling or deriving the best from life.
Yoga practices foster willpower, discipline, and self-control
and force the mind and body to work in perfect synergy.
Therefore, yoga exercises may have beneficial effects as a
stand-alone treatment on stress reduction and overall wellbeing
[10, 11]. In addition, yoga has been seen as a main
discipline and practice that has the potential to cultivate
mindfulness [12]. However, most literature has focused on
2 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
mindfulness that is developed through yoga meditation [13], a
self-regulation practice that focuses on training attention and
awareness in order to exhibit a mental process that reinforces
mental health well-being and mental stability.
Dr. John Kabat Zinn, in late 1970, while teaching mindfulness
and hatha yoga in Boston, noticed that his trainees
were seeking both hatha yoga practices, including asanas
(physical exercises), and mindfulness meditation.Therefore,
he and his colleagues developed a clinical service that
used relatively intensive training in mindfulness meditation
practices based on the Vipassana and Zen traditions, along
with hatha yoga, for medical patients suffering from a wide
range of chronic disorders and diseases [14]. This program
evolved into an 8-week course, now known as mindfulness based
stress reduction (MBSR), which is taught worldwide in
different centers internationally [15]. Noticeably, practicing
mindfulness meditation does not confute the practices of
yoga [16]. One practice acts complementary to the other
depending on how it is taught and what the needs of the
trainees are.
Mindfulness can be defined as a cognitive process that
employs the creation of new categories, openness to new
information, and awareness of more than one perspective
[17]. Dr.Hirst suggests that being mindful requires the person
to attend, to be consciously aware of the emergent nature of
phenomena in consciousness, and to recognize the nature of
attachments made to these phenomena as they occur [18].
Mindfulness, according to Dr. Kabat-Zinn et al. [19], is based
on Eastern contemplative tradition and involves “bringing
one’s attention to the present experience on a moment by-
moment basis” [14, 15]. On the other hand, Professor
Langer discusses the cognitive model of mindfulness without
emphasis on the meditative part [17]. She believes that
mindfulness could be easier understood with the opposite
concept: a state of being as if on automatic pilot, involving
preoccupation, absent mindedness, carelessness, in attention,
disassociation from feelings, thoughts, actions, and habitual
responses. Meanwhile, there is now considerable evidence
of the effectiveness of mindfulness-based interventions at
reducing distress [20, 21] and rehabilitation [22, 23].
Notably, there are many different kinds of hatha yoga
and mainstreams based on the multiple traditions that they
follow [4, 11, 24]. Thus, the present review will attempt to
address this gap within the literature and synthesize the
existing research on the positive effects of yoga and relevant
meditative practices on stroke rehabilitation.
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