This review tells us NOTHING about how to increase BDNF and interleukin-1 to get better recovery. Useless!
I'm sure your competent? doctor has read and absorbed all this earlier research and has EXACT PROTOCOLS ready for you to use! NO? So you don't have a functioning stroke doctor, do you?
BDNF (177 posts to April 2011)
interleukin 1 (11 posts to July 2012)
The Levels of Biomarkers Interleukin 1 (IL-1) and Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) in Non-Invasive Conventional Rehabilitation and Robotic Rehabilitation Among Brain Injury Patients: A Narrative Review
Published: August 31, 2024
DOI: 10.7759/cureus.68332
Cite this article as: Mohd Khairi N, Hanafi M, Kassim N, et al. (August 31, 2024) The Levels of Biomarkers Interleukin 1 (IL-1) and Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) in Non-Invasive Conventional Rehabilitation and Robotic Rehabilitation Among Brain Injury Patients: A Narrative Review. Cureus 16(8): e68332. doi:10.7759/cureus.68332
Abstract
Acquired brain injury (ABI) is becoming increasingly common in Malaysia as a result of a rise in both strokes and accidents. The present review aims to explore the levels of serum inflammatory markers of interleukin-1 (IL-1) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) following conventional and robotic rehabilitation regimes among ABI patients and the association between serum biomarkers with the Medical Research Council (MRC) scale for muscle strength.
Online databases, namely ScienceDirect, PubMed, and Google Scholar were utilized by using search terms such as ‘Definition of brain injury’, ‘Epidemiology of brain injury’, ‘Interleukin-1 in stroke’, ‘BDNF in stroke’, ‘Interleukin-1 in traumatic brain injury’, ‘BDNF in traumatic brain injury’, ‘Interleukin-1 level and robotic rehabilitation’, ‘BDNF and robotic rehabilitation’, 'Interleukin-1 level and neurorehabilitation', and ‘BDNF and neurorehabilitation’. All types of articles with different levels of evidence were included along with other relevant review articles. Articles that were not in English and were not available in the full text were excluded.
The review identifies similar and no significant improvement in the treatment between conventional rehabilitation and robotic rehabilitation concerning serum biomarkers IL-1 and BDNF. This review also identifies that muscle strength and endurance training improved the level of serum BDNF in brain injury patients.
Therefore, this review provides evidence of the levels of IL-1 and
BDNF in non-invasive conventional rehabilitation and robotic
rehabilitation among brain injury patients, as well as their relation
with the MRC scale, to give a good functional outcome that will enhance
the quality of life of these groups of individuals.(Well, what the fuck are the levels and how do you get there?)
Introduction & Background
Acquired brain injury (ABI) is a broad terminology that encompasses numerous etiologies that occur after birth, including vascular (stroke), traumatic brain injury (TBI), and anoxic injury, which are one of the main causes of impairment and a long-term serious public health problem [1]. Stroke is the second leading cause of death and the third leading cause of death and disability combined. Currently, three-quarters of global strokes are more likely to occur in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) [2]. In 2014, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reported that there were 2.53 million TBI-related emergencies, with 288,000 TBI-related hospitalizations and 56,800 TBI-related deaths in the United States [3]. Arulsamy et al. (2020) stated that TBI was the top three common admissions in Malaysia, and in 2009, nearly 80% of trauma cases were due to road traffic accidents [4]. The improvement in medicine and technology has led to an increase in survival rates. However, most survivors have after-effects that influence their ability to perform activities of daily living (ADLs) in a direct way. These effects can be sensorimotor, cognitive, emotional, or behavioral [1].
Since brain injury cases are high in Malaysia, rehabilitation is much more important to improve the quality of life. According to Arshad et al. (2022), early coordinated and multidisciplinary rehabilitation plays a major part in motor recovery after stroke [5]. However, based on our knowledge, the prognosis of the motor recovery of stroke survivors continues to be a major puzzle in the fundamental cellular mechanism, especially the changes in serum inflammatory markers (interleukins (IL)) and their interaction with neurotrophic biomolecules (brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)) of the central nervous system. Early periods of rehabilitation can optimize spontaneous neural plasticity and motor responsiveness, which results in maximized motor outcomes. However, traditional rehabilitation by a person is time-consuming and labor-demanding, which causes insufficient therapy dose, low engagement, and low motivation in the patient [5,6]. To give effective motor restoration depends on repetitive practice with high intensity [6]. In this new era, various technologies such as robotic rehabilitation have been developed that have shown promising results and are being used to promote repetitive task-specific training and concurrent feedback, as well as accurately measure functional improvement [5].
Since interleukin 1 (IL-1) acts as one of the earliest cytokines during the acute phase of neuroinflammation and BDNF is a key mediator for neuroplasticity, these two are the focus of this study [7,8]. This narrative review aims to explore the levels of serum inflammatory markers IL-1 and BDNF following conventional and robotic rehabilitation regimes among ABI patients. The association between the serum biomarkers and the Medical Research Council (MRC) scale for muscle strength is also explored. The evidence on the improvement of IL-1 and BDNF following robotic rehabilitation was hypothesized to give a good functional outcome that will enhance the quality of life of these groups of individuals.
More at link.
No comments:
Post a Comment