Reviewed by Dietitian Mandy Enright, M.S., RDN, RYT

Key Points

  • The oral microbiome hosts hundreds of bacterial species that can trigger an inflammatory response in the body.
  • Ignoring this microbiome can increase risk of gum disease, heart disease and diabetes.
  • Routine brushing, flossing and dentist visits can keep this microbiome and your body healthy.

You’ve likely heard of the gut microbiome and may be aware of its health effects, but do you know about the oral microbiome? “The oral microbiome is a collection of microorganisms that colonize the oral cavity (mouth), including the teeth, gums, tongue, cheeks and throat,” says Payton Brewer, MS, RDN, LDN, CPT. The oral microbiome is extensive, containing more than 700 identified bacterial species. “The oral microbiome acts as both a gatekeeper to protect against pathogens and support immune signaling, and as a gateway as the first stage of digestion,” Brewer adds.

Unlike the gut microbiome, which primarily resides in the digestive tract, the oral microbiome is the first microbial community that food, drinks and outside organisms encounter when they enter the body. However, the health of the oral microbiome is often overlooked, as many signs of dental or gum problems may not be apparent. Over time, however, an imbalance in oral bacteria may impact more than your mouth, but affect overall health.

Increases Risk of Gum Disease

Ignoring the oral microbiome increases the risk of gum disease by promoting plaque formation and inflammation, causing tissue damage. “The oral microbiome forms biofilms (dental plaque) on teeth,” explains Dr. Warren O Rodriguez-Carlo, DMD. “When these biofilms become imbalanced, they can cause tooth decay and periodontal disease,” he adds. This, in turn, causes an inflammatory response that can damage the tissues supporting the teeth.

Related video: What drinking coffee every day is actually doing to your gut (unbranded - Lifestyle)“When harmful bacteria outnumber beneficial bacteria, plaque accumulates and triggers inflammation,” says Rodriguez-Carlo. This may lead to gum disease, a broad term for inflammation and infection of the gums and bone surrounding the teeth. There are two subclasses of gum disease: gingivitis (inflamed gums) and periodontitis (bone loss). Gingivitis is largely preventable and treatable, whereas periodontitis is an irreversible condition. If left unchecked, Julie Pace, RDN warns, “this imbalance in the oral microbiome can influence health throughout the body, affecting the heart, blood sugar regulation, gut and brain.”