From Professor Rose Anne Kenny
President IGS, Professor Medical Gerontology Trinity College and St James Hospital, Director MISA, founding PI TILDA Irish longitudinal study on Ageing. MRIA
Also wrote the book; 'Ageproof', which is different than the Ageproof book by

Roizen, Michael F., author.
	Spiker, Ted, author.

Notice all the benefits we need in the top arc; CNS section. Ask your doctor for SPECIFIC EXERCISES; type and length to get these benefits. Your doctor doesn't know? You don't have a functioning stroke doctor, why are you seeing them?

Organ and cellular Benefits of aerobic and resistant exercises

Effects of Acute Aerobic and Resistance Exercise on Neuroplasticity- A Pilot Study

You'll have to ask your doctor if this applies to your exercise since this was done in healthy weightlifters.

 Effects of Acute Aerobic and Resistance Exercise on Neuroplasticity- A Pilot Study

Michael D. Shafer, Selen Razon, Ed Kubachka, Meghan G. Ramick. West Chester University, West
Chester, PA
Neuroplasticity takes place when acquiring new skills, after damage to the nervous system, and as a result of sensory deprivation. It can also take place due to exercise. Few studies exist that look at the effects of anaerobic/resistance training and its effects on neuroplasticity in humans, as the majority of existing research delves into how resistance training can help at the subcortical and spinal level of the body, not in the brain. 

 PURPOSE: 

 

The aim of this study was to determine whether resistance training is as effective as aerobic training at improving neuroplasticity.  

METHODS: 

 

Five competitive weightlifters (3 females, 2 males, age 34±9yrs) were recruited to complete a control (20 minutes of quiet sitting), aerobic (5 minute warm up followed by 15 minutes of cycling at 60% age predicted heart rate max), and resistance protocol(10 minute warm up followed by 10 minutes of resistance intervals) on three separate occasions. Participants completed the Trail Making Test (TMT) before and immediately after the cessation of each 20-minute protocol separated by multiple days.  

RESULTS:  

 

A repeated measures ANOVA for part A revealed a significant effect of time (p=0.004) and condition (p=0.004), but there was not a statistically significant interaction between time point and condition (PREControl: 19.3±1.0s, PREAerobic: 17.3±1.4s,PREResistance: 16.2±1.5s versus POSTControl: 17.7±1.0s, POSTAerobic: 15.2±1.4s, POSTResistance: 12.9±2.8s,p=0.429). A separate ANOVA revealed a significant effect of time (p=0.033) but not condition (p=0.054)for part B, but there was not a statistically significant interaction between timepoint and condition(PREControl: 43.4±2.9s, PREAerobic: 39.6±1.7s, PREResistance: 36.5±3.4s versus POSTControl: 34.7±2.2s,POSTAerobic: 34.2±3.6s, POSTResistance: 28.6±3.4s, p=0.164). The percent change from pre to post test wasnot different between conditions for TMT part A or part B (A: Control, -7.5±6.6%, Aerobic, -11.8±1.9%,Resistance, -20.3±2.3%, p=0.141. B: Control, -7.9±3.5%, Aerobic, -3.3±6.4%, Resistance, -16.8±1.9%,p=0.055. CONCLUSION:  

 

Our results suggest that resistance exercise may be as beneficial as aerobic exercise for enhancing neuroplasticity.

Resistance training in stroke rehabilitation: systematic review and meta-analysis

'May'.  Well, fuck, then create the evidence to make it sufficient as to whether we should be doing resistance exercise and EXACTLY HOW MUCH.  

Just maybe you want to read this research.

Resistance training after stroke improves strength but not necessarily function August 2018

Study finds combining aerobic and resistance training significantly enhances stroke recovery June 2018

High Versus Low Load Resistance Training: The Effect of 24 Weeks Detraining on Serum Brain Derived-Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) in Older Adults March 2017

 

 

Resistance training in stroke rehabilitation: systematic review and meta-analysis

Jitka Veldema, Petra Jansen

First Published June 11, 2020 Research Article

https://doi.org/10.1177/0269215520932964

Article information

Abstract

Objective:

This systematic review and meta-analysis investigates the effects of resistance training in supporting the recovery in stroke patients.

Data sources:

PubMed, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials and the PEDro databases were reviewed up to 30 April 2020.

Review methods:

Randomized controlled trials were included, who compared: (i) resistance training with no intervention, (ii) resistance training with other interventions and (iii) different resistance training protocols in stroke rehabilitation.

Results:

Overall 30 trials (n = 1051) were enrolled. The parameters evaluated were: (1) gait, (2) muscular force and motor function, (3) mobility, balance and postural control, (4) health related quality of life, independence and reintegration, (5) spasticity and hypertonia, (6) cardiorespiratory fitness, (7) cognitive abilities and emotional state and (8) other health-relevant physiological indicators. The data indicates that: (i) resistance training is beneficial for the majority of parameters observed, (ii) resistance training is superior to other therapies on muscular force and motor function of lower and upper limbs, health related quality of life, independence and reintegration and other health-relevant physiological indicators, not significantly different from other therapies on walking ability, mobility balance and postural control and spasticity and hypertonia, and inferior to ergometer training on cardiorespiratory fitness and (iii) the type of resistance training protocol significantly impacts its effect; leg press is more efficient than knee extension and high intensity training is superior than low intensity training.

Conclusion:

Current data indicates that resistance training may be beneficial in supporting the recovery of stroke patients. However, the current evidence is insufficient for evidence-based rehabilitation.

Keywords Stroke, resistance training, rehabilitation

Access Options

Forced Use of the Paretic Leg Induced by a Constraint Force Applied to the Nonparetic Leg in Individuals Poststroke During Walking

I found that by standing on a step in water  with my good leg and mimicking walking motion with the bad leg was enough to get pretty good walking motion. But I had to figure this out myself in a 'Y' pool since the hospital pool was closed years before.
http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1545968317740972

Show all authors

Chao-Jung Hsu, PT, PhD, Janis Kim, MPT, Elliot J. Roth, MD, ...

First Published November 16, 2017 Research Article

Download PDF	Article information

Abstract

Background. Individuals with stroke usually show reduced muscle activities of the paretic leg and asymmetrical gait pattern during walking.  
Objective. To determine whether applying a resistance force to the nonparetic leg would enhance the muscle activities of the paretic leg and improve the symmetry of spatiotemporal gait parameters in individuals with poststroke hemiparesis.  
Methods. Fifteen individuals with chronic poststroke hemiparesis participated in this study. A controlled resistance force was applied to the nonparetic leg using a customized cable-driven robotic system while subjects walked on a treadmill. Subjects completed 2 test sections with the resistance force applied at different phases of gait (ie, early and late swing phases) and different magnitudes (10%, 20%, and 30% of maximum voluntary contraction [MVC] of nonparetic leg hip flexors). Electromyographic (EMG) activity of the muscles of the paretic leg and spatiotemporal gait parameters were collected.  
Results. Significant increases in integrated EMG of medial gastrocnemius, medial hamstrings, vastus medialis, and tibialis anterior of the paretic leg were observed when the resistance was applied during the early swing phase of the nonparetic leg, compared with baseline. Additionally, resistance with 30% of MVC induced the greatest level of muscle activity than that with 10% or 20% of MVC. The symmetry index of gait parameters also improved with resistance applied during the early swing phase.  
Conclusion. Applying a controlled resistance force to the nonparetic leg during early swing phase may induce forced use on the paretic leg and improve the spatiotemporal symmetry of gait in individuals with poststroke hemiparesis.

A single bout of resistance exercise can enhance episodic memory performance

 I bet your doctor will do EXACTLY nothing with this, probably because s/he hasn't read it and doesn't even know the research exists.
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0001691814001577?via%3Dihub

Author links open overlay panel LisaWeinberg AnitaHasni^a1 MinoruShinohara

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2014.06.011Get rights and content

Highlights

•

We investigate the effects of resistance exercise on emotional episodic memory.

•

We measure physiological state with heart rate, blood pressure, and alpha amylase.

•

We use a knee extension/flexion task for resistance exercise.

•

We find that resistance exercise during consolidation can benefit memory.

•

We find effects of valence based on the physiological response to the exercise.

Abstract

Acute aerobic exercise can be beneficial to episodic memory. This benefit may occur because exercise produces a similar physiological response as physical stressors. When administered during consolidation, acute stress, both physical and psychological, consistently enhances episodic memory, particularly memory for emotional materials. Here we investigated whether a single bout of resistance exercise performed during consolidation can produce episodic memory benefits 48 h later. We used a one-leg knee extension/flexion task for the resistance exercise. To assess the physiological response to the exercise, we measured salivary alpha amylase (a biomarker of central norepinephrine), heart rate, and blood pressure. To test emotional episodic memory, we used a remember-know recognition memory paradigm with equal numbers of positive, negative, and neutral IAPS images as stimuli. The group that performed the exercise, the active group, had higher overall recognition accuracy than the group that did not exercise, the passive group. We found a robust effect of valence across groups, with better performance on emotional items as compared to neutral items and no difference between positive and negative items. This effect changed based on the physiological response to the exercise. Within the active group, participants with a high physiological response to the exercise were impaired for neutral items as compared to participants with a low physiological response to the exercise. Our results demonstrate that a single bout of resistance exercise performed during consolidation can enhance episodic memory and that the effect of valence on memory depends on the physiological response to the exercise.

PsycINFO classification

2340 cognitive processes

2343 learning & memory

2540 physiological processes

Keywords

Arousal

Emotion

Episodic memory

Exercise

Stress

Choose an option to locate/access this article:

Check if you have access through your login credentials or your institution.
Check Access

or

Purchase

or

Check for this article elsewhere

Bihemispheric Motor Cortex Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Improves Force Steadiness in Post-Stroke Hemiparetic Patients: A Randomized Crossover Controlled Trial

Ask your doctor what the hell this means and how you are going to accomplish these benefits.
http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fnhum.2016.00426/full?

Rafael A. Montenegro^1,2, Adrian Midgley³, Renato Massaferri^1,2, Wendell Bernardes², Alexandre H. Okano⁴ and Paulo Farinatti^2*

• ¹Graduate Program in Clinical and Experimental Physiopathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Rio de Janeiro State, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
• ²Laboratory of Physical Activity and Health Promotion, Institute of Physical Education and Sports, University of Rio de Janeiro State, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
• ³Department of Sport and Physical Activity, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, Lancashire, UK
• ⁴Physical Education Department, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil

Post-stroke patients usually exhibit reduced peak muscular torque (PT) and/or force steadiness during submaximal exercise. Brain stimulation techniques have been proposed to improve neural plasticity and help to restore motor performance in post-stroke patients. The present study compared the effects of bihemispheric motor cortex transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on PT and force steadiness during maximal and submaximal resistance exercise performed by post-stroke patients vs. healthy controls. A double-blind randomized crossover controlled trial (identification number: TCTR20151112001; URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.in.th/) was conducted involving nine healthy and 10 post-stroke hemiparetic individuals who received either tDCS (2 mA) or sham stimulus upon the motor cortex for 20 min. PT and force steadiness (reflected by the coefficient of variation (CV) of muscular torque) were assessed during unilateral knee extension and flexion at maximal and submaximal workloads (1 set of 3 repetitions at 100% PT and 2 sets of 10 repetitions at 50% PT, respectively). No significant change in PT was observed in post-stroke and healthy subjects. Force steadiness during knee extension (~25–35%, P < 0.001) and flexion (~22–33%, P < 0.001) improved after tDCS compared to the sham condition in post-stroke patients, but improved only during knee extension (~13–27%, P < 0.001) in healthy controls. These results suggest that tDCS may improve force steadiness, but not PT in post-stroke hemiparetic patients, which might be relevant in the context of motor rehabilitation programs.

Introduction

Post-stroke patients often exhibit motor sequels (Langhorne et al., 2011) and hemiparesis (Prado-Medeiros et al., 2012) that are associated with increased variability in the application of force during motor tasks (Chow and Stokic, 2011). This condition typically results in low force steadiness (Moritz et al., 2005) and poor movement control (Kornatz et al., 2005) that can negatively impact on the ability to perform activities of daily living (Timmermans et al., 2014). Patients affected by stroke show a relative imbalance in either transcallosal inhibition or inter-hemispheric cerebral excitability, with hypo-excitability of the affected motor cortex concomitant to hyper-excitability of the non-affected motor cortex (Murase et al., 2004; Bolognini et al., 2011). Strategies to help counteract these imbalances and improve neural plasticity should therefore be beneficial for those patients (Bolognini et al., 2011; Simonetta-Moreau, 2014). Previous studies reported that improvements in neuronal plasticity and functional ability could be optimized by combining physical exercise and neurological therapy (Langhorne et al., 2011; Mang et al., 2013; Billinger et al., 2014).

Non-invasive brain stimulation techniques, such as transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) have been considered as promising tools for restoring motor control and performance in post-stroke patients (Bolognini et al., 2011). Recently, Tanaka et al. (2011) demonstrated that a unilateral anodal tDCS over motor leg cortex slightly enhanced the maximal force production of the paretic leg. Even though there is controversial findings (O’Shea et al., 2014), evidence indicates that bihemispheric motor cortex tDCS seems to be more effective than unilateral tDCS (i.e., anodal or cathodal tDCS) to increase motor-evoked potentials in upper and lower limb contralateral to the affected cortex, thereby improving neuroplasticity (Bolognini et al., 2009; Cha et al., 2014) and to decrease excitability in regions that inhibit those areas (Vines et al., 2008). In addition, studies with post-stroke patients have evaluated the effects of tDCS using relatively restricted motor tasks, as isometric grip strength and hand function (Khedr et al., 2013; Cha et al., 2014). Thus, the effects of tDCS on the performance of tasks demanding submaximal and maximal strength, and force steadiness during exercise involving larger muscle groups of the legs are yet to be determined. This would be useful, since the muscle strength of both lower limbs is related to activities of daily living.

Recent studies with healthy subjects failed to observe changes in motor performance in response to tDCS in both upper (Hendy and Kidgell, 2013) and lower limbs extremities (Montenegro et al., 2015), which may be due to a possible “ceiling effect” when motor neuronal excitability is already optimal. This may help to explain the mixed findings in regards to the effects of tDCS upon cortical excitability in healthy subjects vs. post-stroke patients (Suzuki et al., 2012). In brief, it is feasible to think that the effects of tDCS upon cortical excitability rely on the extent to which the cortical function is preserved (Byblow et al., 2015), but there is a lack of research investigating this possibility. Comparisons between post-stroke patients and healthy controls regarding the effects of tDCS upon strength performance and force steadiness during gross motor tasks would be useful to test this hypothesis. Thus, the purpose of the present study was to investigate whether tDCS applied to the affected motor cortex in post-stroke hemiparetic patients would increase the peak muscular torque (PT) and force steadiness during a gross motor task in comparison with healthy controls. We hypothesized that tDCS would be capable to increase PT and force steadiness in post-stroke patients, but not in healthy subjects with preserved cortical function.