Changing stroke rehab and research worldwide now.Time is Brain! trillions and trillions of neurons that DIE each day because there are NO effective hyperacute therapies besides tPA(only 12% effective). I have 523 posts on hyperacute therapy, enough for researchers to spend decades proving them out. These are my personal ideas and blog on stroke rehabilitation and stroke research. Do not attempt any of these without checking with your medical provider. Unless you join me in agitating, when you need these therapies they won't be there.

What this blog is for:

My blog is not to help survivors recover, it is to have the 10 million yearly stroke survivors light fires underneath their doctors, stroke hospitals and stroke researchers to get stroke solved. 100% recovery. The stroke medical world is completely failing at that goal, they don't even have it as a goal. Shortly after getting out of the hospital and getting NO information on the process or protocols of stroke rehabilitation and recovery I started searching on the internet and found that no other survivor received useful information. This is an attempt to cover all stroke rehabilitation information that should be readily available to survivors so they can talk with informed knowledge to their medical staff. It lays out what needs to be done to get stroke survivors closer to 100% recovery. It's quite disgusting that this information is not available from every stroke association and doctors group.

Showing posts with label antioxidant. Show all posts
Showing posts with label antioxidant. Show all posts

Wednesday, October 7, 2026

The one vegetable you should be eating to help you live longer

 With NO EXACT protocol on amounts and frequency, I'm not going out of my way to accomplish this possibility.

Let's check how long your doctor has been incompetent in not getting this into your diet protocol! A decade is pretty massive incompetence, are YOU getting that doctor fired?

The one vegetable you should be eating to help you live longer

Key Points

  • Broccoli provides fiber, vitamins and other plant compounds that may support healthy aging.
  • Its sulforaphane and other antioxidants may help the body manage inflammation.
  • Eating broccoli as part of a varied, plant-rich diet is one way to support overall health as you age.

Once upon a time, the prevailing theory held that long life was merely a matter of genes (and maybe a little bit of luck). If your grandparents and great-grandparents lived to a ripe old age, you probably would, too. Now we know that, while genetics make a big difference to longevity, so do many other factors, like diet. In fact, specific foods like vegetables bring to the table numerous nutrients linked with longer life.

The best of the bunch? Broccoli. “It provides fiber, vitamin C, carotenoids, flavonoids, phenolic acids and other beneficial plant compounds,” says Kelly Burgess, M.B.A., RD. She explains that these nutrients and compounds work together to feed beneficial gut bacteria and help the body manage inflammation, resisting the cell damage that accumulates with age. Here’s why, for longevity, broccoli is the star of the produce aisle.

Why Broccoli Is the Best Vegetable to Help You Live Longer

It Contains Antioxidants Linked with Longevity

All plant foods contain antioxidants, but broccoli and other cruciferous veggies are a unique bastion of one called sulforaphane. “This is broccoli’s most distinctive contribution [to longevity],” says Jennifer Pallian, B.Sc., RD. Sulforaphane activates a protein called Nrf2, which Pallian calls “the master switch” for cells’ antioxidant and detoxification defenses. With age, Nrf2 activity declines, while oxidative damage accumulates. Sulforaphane may help push back on these unwelcome developments. 

Related video: 5 healthy berries that you should be eating more of (VideoElephant - Video)

Researchers have examined how the sulforaphane in broccoli sprout powder might reduce inflammation, for example. A randomized trial in adults with type 2 diabetes found that 10 grams of broccoli sprout powder daily lowered C-reactive protein, improved insulin resistance and reduced markers of oxidative stress. Pallian cautions that this doesn’t mean broccoli is a magic pill for longer life—but the results are promising.

Meanwhile, a host of other antioxidants lie beneath broccoli’s unassuming exterior. “Broccoli’s flavonoids include quercetin, kaempferol, rutin, catechin and epicatechin,” Burgess says. Broccoli also contains several phenolic acids and carotenoids, she says. Altogether, the veggie’s many antioxidant compounds help protect cells from damage and support the body’s ability to manage inflammation—two key factors in aging well.

It’s High in Fiber

Could fiber help you live longer? Believe it or not, yes! “Fiber intake is one of the most consistent dietary predictors of longevity we have,” says Pallian. She points to research that suggests that every additional 10 grams of fiber per day was associated with a 10% lower risk of all-cause mortality and a 13% lower risk of cardiovascular disease mortality. The explanation here: “Fiber feeds the gut microbiome, which produces anti-inflammatory short-chain fatty acids, and it slows glucose absorption, lowers LDL cholesterol and supports regularity.” Over time, these effects can compound for more candles on your birthday cake.

Broccoli may not be the highest-fiber veggie around, but its 2.4 grams per cup can certainly contribute to your daily goals. Each broccoli salad, stir-fry or soup is a vehicle for fiber not only from broccoli, but from other plant foods as well.

It’s Rich in Vitamins

The vitamins in each sturdy green stalk are another reason to love broccoli for longevity. Broccoli is a good source of vitamin C, vitamin K and vitamin B9 (folate), Burgess says. Each of these has a role to play in aging.

“Vitamin C helps the immune system work properly, is needed to make collagen and heal wounds, and protects cells from damage,” she explains. Vitamin K contributes to stronger bones—a major consideration as we age. And folate is essential for making and repairing DNA. “It also helps the body manage homocysteine, a substance that may affect heart and brain health when levels become too high,” Burgess says.

It Plays Well with Other Longevity-Friendly Foods

No single food—even one as nutritious as broccoli—will automatically make you live longer. But one bonus of broccoli is how well it pairs with other longevity-friendly choices. “The clearest message from human research is that broccoli supports healthy aging when it is part of a varied, plant-rich eating pattern that also includes beans, lentils, whole grains, nuts, seeds, fruits and other vegetables,” Burgess says.

Broccoli’s versatility means it can join these foods in salads, soups, casseroles, grain bowls and more. While its flavor is unique (you might even say strong), it’s not so potent as to overwhelm them.

Ways to Enjoy Broccoli

There’s a whole rainbow of ways to enjoy broccoli—and the preparation method matters more than you might realize. Check out these tips:

  • Chop and wait. Broccoli’s sulforaphane content isn’t static. In one study, holding chopped broccoli for 90 minutes before stir-frying produced about 2.8 times more sulforaphane. Try a brief wait between chopping and cooking. “Half an hour is a reasonable compromise for a weeknight,” says Pallian.
  • Roast with olive oil. Not only does roasting concentrate broccoli’s flavor, adding a fat like olive oil helps your body absorb vitamin K and beta-carotene.
  • Cook quickly. For lightly cooked broccoli, Burgess says steaming or microwaving is generally better than prolonged boiling. Long stretches in hot water degrade vitamins, minerals and the enzyme needed to produce sulforaphane.
  • Add a dollop of mustard. This isn’t just for flavor! Pallian says mustard contains an enzyme that helps restore sulforaphane in cooked broccoli. A study found that 1 gram of powdered brown mustard sprinkled on cooked broccoli raised sulforaphane bioavailability more than fourfold.

Other Strategies to Support Healthy Aging

To a major extent, increasing your lifespan and your health span—the number of years you live in good health—depends upon everyday habits. The following could keep you going strong to the finish.

  • Build a whole-foods diet. Broccoli is just one option on a longevity-boosting diet. “Different plant foods offer distinct fibers, antioxidants, anti-inflammatory compounds, vitamins and minerals, so dietary variety matters,” Burgess says. She encourages creating meals around a wide variety of whole and minimally processed plant foods like vegetables, fruits, beans, lentils, soy, whole grains, nuts and seeds.  
  • Add years with zzz’s. Chronic sleep deprivation is linked with shorter life expectancy. Make sleep a priority for longevity by striving for seven to nine hours per night.
  • Mind your muscles. As we age, muscle health becomes increasingly critical. A stronger frame can prevent falls and promote greater independence. Try to work up to strength training at least two days per week.
  • Stay connected. “Regular contact with family, friends and community is a longevity intervention, not a nice-to-have,” says Pallian. According to the World Health Organization, social connection may help reduce the risk of early death. So go ahead and send the text, make the dinner reservation or host the party.

Our Expert Take

There’s no telling how many years each of us will get on Earth. But if you’re looking for a veggie that increases the odds of healthier lifespan, reach for broccoli. With antioxidants, fiber and vitamins galore, it’s a standout for supporting gut, immune and cell health. While it’s no magic pill for reaching a specific birthday—and it belongs in a broader, longevity-friendly diet pattern—we say rock the broc.

Read the original article on EatingWell

Wednesday, December 10, 2025

The Anti-Inflammatory Foods That Help Protect Your Heart by Super Age

 

Do you really think your incompetent? doctor will get the dietician to create protocols on this? 

The Anti-Inflammatory Foods That Help Protect Your Heart

Your heart works nonstop to keep you alive and thriving.

We’ve all heard that the key to keeping your heart healthy is getting regular exercise, managing stress, nourishing relationships, and stacking your plate with heart-healthy foods. Today we wanted to call out a few super-star foods that help with one of the main drivers of [hahrt dih-zeez]nounConditions affecting heart health and circulation.Learn More: [in-fluh-mey-shuhn]nounYour body’s response to an illness, injury or something that doesn’t belong in your body (like germs or toxic chemicals).Learn More.

Chronic inflammation in your arteries quietly fuels plaque buildup, the underlying cause of most heart disease. But nature has a built-in defense: certain foods packed with antioxidants and [pol-ee-fee-nawlz]nounPlant compounds that act as antioxidants.Learn More that calm inflammation and support your vascular system.

Why Inflammation Matters for Your Heart

Inflammation is the immune system’s response to injury or threat. But when inflammation sticks around, especially in your arteries, it sets the stage for atherosclerosis, which is the slow accumulation of plaque that narrows and hardens your blood vessels.

This chronic inflammation damages the lining of your arteries, making it easier for cholesterol and other substances to build up. Over time, this can lead to blockages that raise your risk of heart attack and stroke. A 2024 review in the New England Journal of Medicine confirmed that controlling inflammation is just as important as managing cholesterol levels when it comes to preventing cardiovascular disease.

The good news? The right foods can help turn down this inflammatory fire.

The Power of Polyphenols and Antioxidants

Polyphenols are natural compounds found in plants that act as antioxidants, molecules that neutralize free radicals, which are unstable atoms that cause oxidative stress and damage to cells, including those in your arteries.

Eating polyphenol-rich foods has been shown to reduce markers of inflammation like C-reactive protein (CRP) and improve endothelial function, which means your arteries stay flexible and healthy. A 2023 study highlighted how diets rich in polyphenols can reduce arterial inflammation and improve cardiovascular health by supporting blood vessel function and lowering oxidative stress over time.

The Best Foods That Help Protect Your Heart

Here are some of the top anti-inflammatory foods that are easy to include in your daily routine:

1. Elderberries, Bilberries, and Black currants

Elderberries, bilberries, and black currants have the highest amount of anthocyanins, a type of polyphenol that fights inflammation. Studies show that eating berries regularly can improve blood pressure and reduce LDL (“bad”) cholesterol oxidation, both key factors in heart disease risk). Blueberries and blackberries also contain high amounts of these inflammation-fighting polyphenols.

2. Capers, Onions, Shallots, Kale, and Spinach

These foods are high in quercetin (capers, onions, and shallots) and kaempferol (kale and spinach), powerful flavonoids found in leafy greens, fruits, and vegetables. They’ve been shown to reduce inflammation and protect cells from oxidative damage. And their anti-inflammatory effects extend to improving cardiovascular health by lowering blood pressure and enhancing blood vessel function, making them promising natural compounds for managing chronic inflammation and heart disease.

3. Turmeric

Curcumin, the active compound in turmeric, has been extensively studied for its anti-inflammatory properties. Clinical trials indicate curcumin supplements can lower systemic inflammation and improve endothelial function in people with cardiovascular risk factors. Add turmeric to soups, stews, or golden milk lattes for an easy dose.

4. Almonds, Walnuts, Flaxseeds, and Chia seeds

These nuts and seeds contain healthy fats, fiber, and polyphenols that reduce inflammation markers and improve cholesterol profiles. For example, walnuts are rich in [oh-may-guh three fat-ee as-ids]nounEssential fats that reduce inflammation and support brain health.Learn More, which have been linked to decreased arterial plaque and improved heart rhythm stability.

5. Green Tea

Green tea’s catechins offer antioxidant and anti-inflammatory benefits. Research shows that drinking green tea daily is associated with lower arterial stiffness and reduced risk of cardiovascular disease. Swap your afternoon coffee for a cup of green tea to enjoy these benefits.

How to Build an Anti-Inflammatory Plate

It’s not about eating a single “[soo-per-food]nounA nutrient-rich food that offers health benefits.Learn More.” It’s about creating a pattern of eating that regularly includes these powerful anti-inflammatory ingredients. Here are simple ways to get started:

  • Aim to fill half your plate with colorful vegetables and fruits every meal.
  • Add a handful of nuts or a tablespoon of seeds to your breakfast or salad.
  • Use turmeric in cooking at least three times a week.
  • Swap sugary beverages for green tea or water infused with fresh berries.
  • Keep frozen berries and greens on hand for quick smoothies or meals.

Heart disease remains the leading cause of death worldwide, but many cases are preventable through lifestyle changes. As we age, the risk rises, and inflammation quietly increases too. Tackling inflammation through diet is a practical, accessible step anyone can take. The body responds quickly to positive dietary changes, so starting today can pay dividends tomorrow.

If you’re managing other risk factors like high blood pressure, high cholesterol, or diabetes, focusing on anti-inflammatory foods can complement your medical care and strengthen your defenses.

Your Weekly Anti-Inflammatory Checklist

Try this simple weekly tracker to build your anti-inflammatory habits:

  • Eat berries at least 4 times per week.
  • Include leafy greens in 5 meals per week.
  • Use turmeric in cooking 3 times per week.
  • Snack on nuts or seeds 3 times per week.
  • Drink green tea 3 to 5 times per week.

Check in with yourself weekly. Which of these are easiest to add? Which feel like a stretch? Adjust and refine your approach as you learn what fits your life and taste.

[an-tee-in-flam-uh-tawr-ee]

Saturday, December 6, 2025

Higher Dietary Antioxidants Linked to Lower Mortality in adults with High-Cholesterol: Study

 

Your competent? doctor had the hospital dietician to add this to your diet protocol?? NO? So, you DON'T have a functioning stroke doctor, do you? 

 You do have a diet protocol, don't you? Oh NO, more incompetence from your stroke medical 'professionals'! RUN AWAY!

Higher Dietary Antioxidants Linked to Lower Mortality in adults with High-Cholesterol: Study

Tuesday, April 21, 2020

Glutathione in Brain: Overview of Its Conformations, Functions, Biochemical Characteristics, Quantitation and Potential Therapeutic Role in Brain Disorders

Glutathione in Brain: Overview of Its Conformations, Functions, Biochemical Characteristics, Quantitation and Potential Therapeutic Role in Brain Disorders

Abstract 


Glutathione (GSH) is an important antioxidant found abundantly and synthesized intracellularly in the cytosol in a tightly regulated fashion. It has diverse physiological functions, including protection against reactive oxygen species and nitrogen species, antioxidant defense as well as maintenance of cellular thiol status. The human brain due to the high oxygen consumption is extremely susceptible to the generation of reactive oxygen species. GSH plays a paramount role in brain antioxidant defense, maintaining redox homeostasis. The depletion of brain GSH has also been observed from both autopsies as well as in vivo MRS studies with aging and varied neurological disorders (Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, etc.). Therefore, GSH enrichment using supplementation is a promising avenue in the therapeutic development for these neurological disorders. This review will enrich the information on the importance of GSH synthesis, metabolism, functions, compartmentation and inter-organ transport, structural conformations and its quantitation via different techniques. The transportation of GSH in the brain via different interventional routes and its potential role in the development of therapeutic strategies for various brain disorders is also addressed. Very recent study found significant improvement of behavioral deficits including cognitive decline, depressive-like behaviors, in APP (NL-G-F/NL-G-FG-) mice due to oral GSH administration. This animal model study put an emergent need to complete GSH supplementation trial in MCI and AD patients for cognitive improvement as proposed earlier.

Saturday, February 15, 2020

Triphenylphosphonium (TPP)‐Based Antioxidants: A New Perspective on Antioxidant Design

This sentence in the full research is important. 

undergone preliminary clinical trials and has provided promising results in
a variety of disease models, including stroke, autoimmune arthritis

Meaning your doctors and stroke hospitals should IMMEDIATELY be contacting researchers to get  followup human research done with protocols created. If not, then they need to be fired, starting with the board of directors.

 

Triphenylphosphonium (TPP)‐Based Antioxidants: A New Perspective on Antioxidant Design

First published: 05 February 2020


Abstract

Mitochondrial oxidative damage and dysfunction contribute to a wide range of human diseases. Considering the limitation of conventional antioxidants and that mitochondria are the main source of reactive oxygen species (ROS) which induce oxidative damage, mitochondria‐targeted antioxidants which can selectively block mitochondrial oxidative damage and prevent various types of cell death have been widely developed. As a lipophilication, triphenylphosphonium (TPP) has been commonly used in designing mitochondria‐targeted antioxidants. Conjugated with the TPP moiety, antioxidants can achieve more than 1000‐fold higher mitochondrial concentration depending on cell membrane potentials and mitochondrial membrane potentials. Herein we discuss the deficiencies of conventional antioxidants and the advantages of mitochondrial targeting, and review various types of TPP‐based mitochondria‐targeted antioxidants. These provide theoretical and background support for the design of new anti‐oxidant.


Thursday, July 18, 2019

Meet the six-legged superfoods: Grasshoppers top insect antioxidant-rich list

I'm sure your doctor won't suggest replacing olive oil with something better, giant cicadas and silkworms. But ask her anyway. 

Meet the six-legged superfoods: Grasshoppers top insect antioxidant-rich list

ScienceDaily | July 17, 2019
For the first time, a study has measured antioxidant levels in commercially available edible insects.
Advertisement
Sure, most of them don't have six legs—and scorpions, spiders, and centipedes aren't even insects. But for open-minded health freaks, it's good news: crickets pack 75% the antioxidant power of fresh OJ, and silkworm fat twice that of olive oil.
And while even ladybugs fart, insects have a tiny land, water, and carbon footprint compared with livestock—so anything that encourages insect eating is good news for the planet, too.

Look who's come crawling back

Faced with eating ourselves and the planet to death, the West has begun reluctantly to consider creepy crawlies as a more sustainable alternative to meat and animal products.
"At least 2 billion people—a quarter of the world's population—regularly eat insects," says professor Mauro Serafini, lead author of the study published in Frontiers in Nutrition. "The rest of us will need a bit more encouragement."
Providing selfish and immediate incentives could help consumers to make the environmentally friendly choice, says Serafini. Taste and image are key—but for many, health is also an incentive. "Edible insects are an excellent source of protein, polyunsaturated fatty acids, minerals, vitamins, and fiber. But until now, nobody had compared them with classical functional foods such as olive oil or orange juice in terms of antioxidant activity."
Antioxidant activity is that free-radical scavenging ability that typically designates a "superfood"—although this poorly defined term is eschewed by researchers, says Serafini.

The study

The researchers tested a range of commercially available edible insects and invertebrates, using various measures of antioxidant activity. Inedible parts like wings and stings were removed, then the insects were ground and two parts extracted for each species: the fat and whatever would dissolve in water.
Each extract was then tested for its antioxidant content and activity. "For perspective, using the same setup, we tested the antioxidant capacity of fresh orange juice and olive oil—functional foods that are known to exert antioxidant effects in humans," Serafini explains.

The first insect antioxidant rankings

Water-soluble extracts of grasshoppers, silkworms, and crickets displayed the highest values of antioxidant capacity—fivefold higher than fresh orange juice—while giant cicada, giant water bugs, black tarantula, and black scorpions showed negligible values.
"There's a clear trend: the vegetarians have markedly higher antioxidant capacity," notes Serafini.
Note that these comparisons are for the dry, fat-free insect dust—a tad tougher to swallow than fresh OJ. Even so, some quick math shows that at the same dilution (88% water), grasshoppers and silkworms would have about 75% the antioxidant activity of OJ.
Interestingly, the total content of polyphenols—the major source of plant-derived antioxidant activity—followed a similar pattern across species, but was far lower in all insects compared to OJ.
"These results suggest that besides polyphenols, the antioxidant capacity of insects also depends on other, as yet unknown compounds," Serafini adds.
The results for the insect fat were similarly impressive. "Fat from giant cicadas and silkworms showed twice the antioxidant activity of olive oil, while black tarantula, palm worm, and black ants are placed in the bottom of the ranking."

Bioavailability

The group's key message is: edible insects like grasshoppers and silkworms are a rich source of antioxidants. "A high content of antioxidant in the food matrix is a primary requisite for a first screening of antioxidant potentiality of novel foods, so these are promising results."
But the questions remains: what are these antioxidants, and do they work in humans? "The in vivo efficiency of antioxidant-rich food is highly dependent on bioavailability and the presence of an ongoing oxidative stress. So as well as identifying other antioxidant compounds in insects, we need tailored intervention studies to clarify their antioxidant effects in humans. In the future, we might also adapt dietary regimens for insect rearing in order to increase their antioxidant content for animal or human consumption."
To read more, click here.

Thursday, May 30, 2019

Tuesday, May 21, 2019

Exercise and antioxidants: A winning combination for brain health?

Your doctors and stroke hospital will completely fail at creating EXACT exercise protocols and EXACT antioxidant protocols. You're screwed because they will do nothing to help you navigate the best course of action. You are surrounded by incompetent stroke medical 'professionals'.  Guidelines like this are the lazy version of professionalism. This would never be allowed in the business world, firings would be the result.

Exercise and antioxidants: A winning combination for brain health?

MedicalXpress Breaking News-and-Events | May 20, 2019
An international team of researchers representing several institutions in Japan and the United States has published promising findings that may stand to benefit people living with the specter of Alzheimer's and other neurodegenerative diseases, as well as age-related cognitive decline.
Advertisement
In their paper published in PNAS, "Leptin in hippocampus mediates benefits of mild exercise by an antioxidant on neurogenesis and memory," Yook and colleagues present results from a series of experiments—murine and in vitro—that elucidate the role of leptin in cognitive function. Leptin is a hormone that is produced in adipose tissue and in the hippocampus, the part of the brain where memory and spatial learning are processed.
The relationship between exercise and improved cognitive function is well established. Likewise, certain dietary supplements, for example, docasahexaenoic acid (DHA) have also shown promise in improving cognition and in slowing or halting cognitive decline. The effect of both exercise and supplementation with an antioxidant on plasticity and cognitive function within the hippocampus has until now been largely unexplored, however. Previous research has demonstrated that leptin in particular is a promising therapeutic target for neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's.
Yook and colleagues sought to answer the particular question of whether mild exercise (ME) combined with the antioxidant supplement astaxanthin (AX) might confer benefit in terms of cognitive function and neuronal plasticity; and whether or not the two interventions—AX and ME together—could have a synergistic effect beyond the additive effects of either treatment administered separately. The investigators "hypothesized that ME-enhanced hippocampal neurogenesis and memory might be further improved with dietary AX via mediation by a neurotrophic factor such as h-LEP [hippocampal leptin]." To test their hypothesis, they conducted a series of experiments on mice and in vitro using human brain cell lines.
The first experiment examined the performance of four groups of wild-type mice on standard tests used to evaluate murine memory and spatial learning. The mice comprised the following groups: sedentary with placebo (SE+PL); mild exercise with placebo (ME+PL); sedentary with astaxanthin (SE+AX); and mild exercise with astaxanthin (ME+AX). The SE+PL group performed the worst while the ME+PL and SE+AX groups both performed better. The best performers were the mice in the ME+AX group, a finding that supports the enhanced effects of both interventions on memory and spatial learning. The test data were further reinforced by cell counts of Ki67-positive cells and BrdU/NeuN cells, both measures of adult hippocampal neurogenesis (AHN), that showed "a strong additional effect" at work when AX and ME were combined.
To better understand the role of LEP in the changes observed in the mouse brains, the researchers undertook a DNA microarray and gene expression analysis, looking at up- and down-regulated genes in relation to the various groups of mice, and particularly where the genes overlapped between treatment groups. Their results, especially with regard to the antioxidant ABHD3 gene and the LEP gene, confirm the synergistic effect of AX and ME on spatial memory and AHN.
Importantly, the study authors also found after further analysis that circulating plasma leptin levels remained unchanged among treatment groups, a finding which demonstrates that h-LEP—that is, leptin found in the hippocampus—is the specific target molecule responsible for the improvements demonstrated by combined ME+AX therapy. At the protein level, h-LEP and LEPRa (a leptin receptor), were also correlated with improvements in spatial memory, while the AKT/STAT3 signaling pathways were implicated in these improvements as well.
For the in vitro experiment, the investigators used human neuroblastoma cell lines—cells known to endogenously synthesize leptin—to observe the effect of exposing them directly to varying amounts of AX. They noticed a direct dose-dependent response with regard to expressed leptin, as well as up-regulation in the ABHD3 and LEP genes.
Finally, to establish whether or not leptin is required to achieve the synergistic effect seen with the AX+ME mice, Yook and colleagues repeated their earlier mouse experiment on ob/ob knockout mice, using leptin-deficient animals bred for obesity and diabetes research. They found that leptin deficiency did indeed play a role, as these mice performed poorly relative to the wild-type mice, thus confirming leptin as the crucial component of the AX+ME synergy observed in the prior experiment.
To further confirm the mediative effect of leptin in the brain, the scientists injected the ob/ob mice with leptin over the course of 4 weeks, finding that the synergistic effects of AX and ME were restored in these mice. The researchers also observed increased levels of proteins pIGF1R and pP13K in ME+PL and ME+AX groups, independently of whether or not the mice were wild-type or knockout.
The researchers offer further discussion of several details of their study, for example, commenting that "our results of increased leptin and IGF1R support the possibility that the enhancement of AHN and memory function by ME+AX may be due to the interplay of both leptin and IGF1R expression," and also noting a correlation between memory increase and an increase in levels of the hippocampal receptor LEPRa.
While the results shown here in murine models are certainly promising, what might this mean in a clinical context for humans? For one thing, mild exercise for humans has been characterized in this paper as that which is typical of a yoga or tai chi session, which puts it within reach of many people. Another factor is the ready availability of the relatively inexpensive nutritional supplement astaxanthin.
Ultimately, the authors conclude that "our findings advance the notion that ME combined with a dietary antioxidant such as AX, which induces endogenous h-LEP, may be an effective nonpharmacological strategy for preventing or improving cognitive function and brain health, and for slowing cognitive decline. This strategy may be particularly useful in vulnerable individuals, including the elderly."
To read more, click here.