Cocoa flavanols protect endothelial function during prolonged sitting in healthy older adults

 Since you are massively sedentary during your hospital stay will your doctor at least prescribe cocoa? Oh NO, you DON'T have a functioning stroke doctor, do you? Doesn't read or implement research; just a flaccid walking/talking doctor impersonator! But first needs to initiate research in stroke subjects!

Cocoa flavanols protect endothelial function during prolonged sitting in healthy older adults

Alessio Daniele 

 ;

Samuel J. E. Lucas 

 ;

 

Catarina Rendeiro 

Sitting time is high in older adults and has been shown to temporarily impair endothelial function and blood pressure (BP). Flavanols, plant-derived compounds, acutely enhance endothelial function and reduce BP in older adults. The aim of this study was to investigate whether acute ingestion of cocoa flavanols can improve peripheral endothelial function and BP during prolonged sitting in healthy older adults. In a randomised, double-blinded, within-subject, cross-over, placebo-controlled human study, 20 apparently healthy, older adults (age, 72.4 ± 5.0 years; 7 males, 13 females) consumed a high-flavanol (695 mg) and a low-flavanol (5.6 mg) cocoa beverage immediately before a 2-hour sitting bout. Flow-mediated dilation (FMD) of the superficial femoral (SFA; primary outcome) and brachial (BA) arteries, and BP, were assessed before and after sitting. Microvasculature haemodynamics were assessed in the gastrocnemius before, during, and after sitting. Sitting reduced both SFA FMD (Δ = −0.7%; p = 0.005) and BA FMD (Δ = −0.7%; p = 0.016) in the low-flavanol condition. The high-flavanol intervention prevented the decline in both SFA and BA FMD following sitting, with FMD measures remaining similar to pre-sitting (p > 0.3). Sitting increased both systolic (Δ = 6.1 mm Hg, p = 0.001) and diastolic BP (Δ = 2.6 mm Hg, p = 0.001), with no benefit from flavanol intake. Sitting increased muscle oxygenation resting levels (p < 0.001) and haemoglobin content (p < 0.001), and decreased muscle oxygen consumption during SFA occlusion (p < 0.001). Flavanols had no effect on the muscle microvasculature. These findings indicate that flavanol-rich foods may be efficacious nutritional strategies to counteract sitting-induced endothelial impairments during prolonged sitting in older adults, but do not alleviate sitting-induced increases in BP.

Visual Abstract

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Two hours of sitting impaired upper and lower limb endothelial function (flow-mediated dilation; FMD) and increased blood pressure in healthy older adults. Consuming flavanols prior to sitting preserved endothelial function in both conduit arteries.

Barriers, facilitators and promising interventions for reducing sedentary behaviour during and after stroke rehabilitation – A scoping review

Reducing sedentary time IS EXCEEDINGLY SIMPLE! And you're too fucking stupid to see it!

With 100% recovery protocols your survivor will be spending all her time doing exercises and looking forward to recovery. No time for resting!  

 Barriers, facilitators and promising interventionsfor reducing sedentary behaviour during andafter stroke rehabilitation – A scoping review

Lisenka te Lindert, Winke van Meijeren-Pont, Jorit Meesters, Jan Schoones, Florian Allonsius, Åsa Mennema, Rienk Dekker & Aleid de Rooij To cite this article: Lisenka te Lindert, Winke van Meijeren-Pont, Jorit Meesters, Jan Schoones, Florian Allonsius, Åsa Mennema, Rienk Dekker & Aleid de Rooij (22 Jun 2026): Barriers, facilitators and promising interventions for reducing sedentary behaviour during and after stroke rehabilitation – A scoping review, Disability and Rehabilitation, DOI: 10.1080/09638288.2026.2686317 To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/09638288.2026.2686317

ABSTRACT Purpose: Reducing sedentary behaviour (SB) in stroke rehabilitation is essential, yet effects of most interventions remain limited. this review used the Behaviour change wheel to identify: (1) barriers and facilitators for reducing SB of stroke survivors and (2) Behaviour change techniques (Bcts) incorporated in “promising” interventions. Materials and methods: Seven databases were searched from inception to January 2025. Data were systematically extracted and coded using the capacity Opportunity Motivation – Behaviour model (cOM-B) and the theoretical Domains Framework (tDF). Results: thirty-nine studies on barriers and facilitators were included, identifying 32 different barriers and 30 facilitators in inpatient settings and 109 barriers and 73 facilitators in outpatient/community settings, spanning all cOM-B domains. Four of seven interventions were rated as “promising” (predefined criterion: statistically significant changes within or between group(s)). these interventions applied 11–34 Bcts, including goal setting, action planning, reviewing goals, feedback, social support, instruction, and demonstration. Conclusions: Given the variety of barriers and facilitators experienced, personalised approaches are essential. Promising interventions share components that can inform SB-focused intervention design, but further research is needed to determine how these components can be combined and tailored to support sustained SB reduction. hIMPLICATION FOR REHABILITATION • An analysis of each stroke survivor’s individual behaviour and context should guide the application of promising Behaviour change techniques (Bcts), to ensure interventions address the barriers and strengthen the facilitators, identified for that individual. • the broad heterogeneity of barriers and facilitators across cOM-B domains highlights the importance of a person-centred approach, as individual physical, cognitive, emotional, and contextual profiles strongly influence the potential to reduce sedentary behaviour. • clinicians may use the recurring Behaviour change techniques observed in promising interventions—such as goal setting, action planning, reviewing behaviour goals, feedback, instruction, demonstration, and social support—to structure behaviour-change interventions.

New Research Identifies 2 Key Lifestyle Factors For Reducing Dementia Risk by mindbodygreen

I'm good with all of these.
New Research Identifies 2 Key Lifestyle Factors For Reducing Dementia Risk

Dose-Response Effect of Daily Rehabilitation Time on Functional Gain in Stroke Patients

You came up with a great conclusion but didn't follow thru and create a protocol on this. So waste of time, useless.  

And since only 13% of time is spent in stroke rehab (2 posts), we need to know EXACTLY how much rehab we should be doing on a daily basis. There should be zero downtime, no active rehab; then action observation, mirror therapy, lucid dreaming, cognitive training.

Also 78% of time in sedentary behaviors, is needed to be solved.

Dose-Response Effect of Daily Rehabilitation Time on Functional Gain in Stroke Patients

Hanbit Ko, MD1,2,3, Howook Kim, MD1,2,3, Yeongwook Kim, MD1,2,3,  Min Kyun Sohn, MD, PhD1,2,3, Sungju Jee, MD, PhD1,2,3
1Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, 2Daejeon-Chungcheong Regional Cardiocerebrovascular Center,  3Daejeon-Chungcheong Regional Medical Rehabilitation Center, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon, Korea
Objective
To demonstrate the effect of daily treatment time on recovery of functional outcomes and how each type of rehabilitation treatment influences the improvement of subgroups of functional outcomes in stroke patients.
Methods
We conducted a retrospective study in 168 patients who were admitted to the Department of Rehabilitation Medicine between 2015 and 2016. Patients who experienced their first-ever stroke and unilateral lesions were included. All patients underwent conventional rehabilitation treatment, and each treatment was administered one to two times a day depending on individual and treatment room schedules. Based on the mean daily treatment time, patients were divided into two groups: a high-amount group (n=54) and low-amount group (n=114). Outcomes were measured through the Korean version of Modified Barthel Index (MBI), FuglMeyer Assessment of the upper extremity, Trunk Impairment Scale (TIS), and Berg Balance Scale (BBS) scores on admission and at discharge. Results  
The functional change and scores at discharge of MBI, TIS, and BBS were greater in the high-amount group than in the low-amount group. Among various types of rehabilitation treatments, occupational therapy training showed significant correlation with MBI, TIS, and BBS gain from admission to discharge.
Conclusion
The amount of daily mean treatment in post-stroke patients plays an important role in recovery. Mean daily rehabilitation treatment time seems to correlate with improved balance and basic activities of daily living after stroke.

Are Aerobic Programs Similar in Design to Cardiac Rehabilitation Beneficial for Survivors of Stroke? A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis

Nothing here tells you EXACTLY what aerobic exercise is and how much is needed.  So useless.  I would have these people fired. The only goal in stroke is 100% recovery and this doesn't meet that requirement.

Are Aerobic Programs Similar in Design to Cardiac Rehabilitation Beneficial for Survivors of Stroke? A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis

Elizabeth W. Regan

,

Reed Handlery

,

Michael W. Beets

, and

Stacy L. Fritz

Originally published14 Aug 2019https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.119.012761Journal of the American Heart Association. 2019;8

Abstract

Background

Survivors of stroke face movement disability and increased cardiovascular disease and stroke risk. Treatment includes rehabilitation focused on functional movement with less emphasis on aerobic capacity. After rehabilitation, survivors of stroke must self‐manage activity with limited appropriate community programs. Lack of structured activity contributes to sedentary behavior. The objective of this systematic review and meta‐analysis is to review aerobic programs for stroke survivors similar in activity and dosage to cardiac rehabilitation programs to determine their efficacy for improving aerobic and walking capacity.

Methods and Results

Preferred Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were used to review 5 databases. Group interventions for survivors of stroke with a primary aerobic component and dosage from 18 to 36 visits over 8 to 18 weeks (matching cardiac rehabilitation requirements in the United States) were included. The 6‐minute walk test, maximal oxygen consumption (VO2) peak, and walking speed were included as measures of aerobic capacity. Summary effect sizes and outcome measure mean differences were calculated for preintervention to postintervention, and summary effect sizes were calculated for preintervention to follow‐up. Activity type and initial 6‐minute walk test moderator analyses were performed. Nineteen studies with 23 eligible groups were selected. Survivors of stroke improved their composite aerobic capacity with an effect size of 0.38 (95% CI, 0.27–0.49). Studies including 6‐minute walk test demonstrated a pooled difference in means of 53.3 m (95% CI, 36.8–69.8 m). Follow‐up data were inconclusive.

Conclusions

Survivors of stroke benefit from aerobic programs with similar dosing to cardiac rehabilitation in the United States. The potential integration into existing programs could expand the community exercise options.

Clinical Perspective

What Is New?

• Reviewing efficacy of aerobic programs for survivors of stroke similar in activity and dosing to cardiac rehabilitation in the United States provides a prerequisite knowledge base for considering application of cardiac rehabilitation after stroke.
• Results of the systematic review and meta‐analysis indicate aerobic programs similar in activity and dosing to cardiac rehabilitation programs in the United States are effective at increasing aerobic capacity for survivors of stroke regardless of mode of exercise, functional mobility, or time since stroke.

What Are the Clinical Implications?

• Providing cardiac rehabilitation for survivors of stroke may positively impact health status and mobility without creating new programs; further research is warranted.

Introduction

Mobility impairments and accompanying sedentary behaviors are major health concerns for many of the 6.6 million survivors of stroke in the United States.¹ With a large number of survivors of stroke living with disability and facing a higher risk for stroke reoccurrence and other diseases, there is an increasing need for prevention and modification of risk factors.² Physical activity (PA) and exercise can positively impact a survivor's overall health by reducing risk factors and improving physical function and quality of life.^{3, 4} In addition, survivors of stroke engaging in PA can reduce risk for all‐cause mortality and reduce 3‐year risk for recurrent stroke, myocardial infarction, or vascular death.^{5, 6} The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention defines PA as “any bodily movement that is produced by the contraction of skeletal muscle and that substantially increases energy expenditure,” whereas exercise is a subset of PA “that involves planned, structured and repetitive bodily movement done to maintain or improve one or more components of physical fitness.”^{7, 8}
Many survivors of stroke receive rehabilitation care immediately after their stroke, which is focused primarily on recovery of function with limited or absent focus on aerobic fitness.^{9, 10} Patients are encouraged to continue with prescribed home exercise programs after discharge from rehabilitation, yet without support or guidance, most do not.¹¹ This drop‐off of services contributes to failure of transition from rehabilitation patient to community PA participant.¹² Survivors of stroke take less than half the daily steps of healthy counterparts and spend >78% of their time in sedentary behaviors, regardless of time since stroke.^{13, 14} Structured community exercise programs, such as cardiac rehabilitation (CR), can potentially reduce the deconditioning remaining after rehabilitation and improve habitual PA and exercise for survivors of stroke. Since 1994, the American Heart Association has recommended multidisciplinary CR programs as an integral part of recovery after cardiac events and for the tertiary prevention of cardiovascular disease. CR programs improve participants’ health through exercise and educational programs delivered by exercise physiologists and nurses, 2 to 3 times a week for 8 to 18 weeks with aerobic exercise for >30 minutes each visit.¹⁵ Currently, CR programs are offered only to individuals with specific cardiac diagnoses in the United States.¹⁶ Although survivors of stroke exhibit similar deficits in cardiovascular health, stroke is not among the covered diagnoses for CR services.^{16, 17} CR programs are generally widely available (in 2005, there were 2600 programs across the United States), with some variation across geographic areas.¹⁸
Several studies have tested the efficacy and feasibility of the multidisciplinary components of CR including aerobic exercise outside the United States, primarily in Canada.^{19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27} However, international differences in frequency and duration make conclusions for US programs difficult. Although the American Heart Association and American Stroke Association support CR for survivors of stroke, there has not been support for widespread adoption or testing.
The objective of this systematic review and meta‐analysis is to evaluate aerobic exercise interventions for survivors of stroke that are similar in dosing and activity to CR programs in the United States to determine their efficacy for improving aerobic and walking capacity. Secondary aims include the following: (1) evaluating whether gains are sustained in follow‐up and (2) evaluating if type of exercise impacts the results.