I had COVID one time for sure and likely two other times. All three were mild cases. Probably because I've had most of the vaccinations. And I'm O negative.
COVID-19 tied to increased risk of major adverse cardiac event for up to 3 years
An increased risk of incident major adverse cardiac event (MACE), including myocardial infarction (MI), stroke, and all-cause mortality, was observed among patients with COVID-19 for up to 3 years, particularly among those requiring hospitalisation, according to a study published in Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology.
In addition,James R. Hilser, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, and colleagues observed that hospitalisation for COVID-19 represented a coronary artery disease risk equivalent, with the risks of post-acute MI and stroke particularly heightened in individuals with non-O blood types.
Using data from the UK Biobank, the researchers identified 10,005 patients with COVID-19 who had a positive PCR test for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‑CoV‑2) infection (n = 8,062) or had received hospital-based International Classification of Diseases version-10 codes for COVID-19 (n = 1,943) between February 1, 2020, and December 31, 2020. Population controls (n = 217,730) and propensity score-matched controls (n = 38,860) identified from the UK Biobank during the same period were also included in the analysis.
Overall, the risk of MACE was elevated in patients with COVID-19 at all levels of severity (hazard ratio [HR] = 2.09; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.94-2.25; P < .0005) over 1,003 days of follow-up, with the risk being more pronounced among patients requiring hospitalisation (HR = 3.85; 95% CI, 3.51-4.24; P < .0005).
More specifically, the risk of MACE was increased among patients hospitalised with COVID-19 who did not have a history of cardiovascular disease (CVD) (HR = 1.21; 95% CI, 1.08-1.37; P < .005) compared with COVID-19-negative controls with CVD, indicating hospitalisation for COVID-19 as a coronary artery disease risk equivalent.
Furthermore, a significant genetic interaction was observed between the ABO blood groups and hospitalisation for COVID-19 (Pinteraction = .01), whereby hospitalisation for COVID-19 increased the risk of MI and stroke to a greater extent among individuals with non-O blood types (HR = 1.65; 95% CI, 1.29-2.09; P = 4.8x10-5) than those with blood type O (HR = 0.96; 95% CI, 0.66-1.39; P = .82).
“Taken together, our data indicate that the elevated risk of MACE in patients with COVID-19 shows no apparent signs of attenuation up to nearly 3 years after SARS-CoV-2 infection and suggest that COVID-19 continues to pose a significant public health burden with lingering adverse cardiovascular risk,” the authors remarked. “These observations suggest that more aggressive cardiovascular risk reduction efforts may be warranted as part of primary prevention in patients hospitalised for COVID-19 and provide new avenues for understanding the biological mechanisms underlying CVD-related adverse outcomes of severe SARS-CoV-2 infection.”
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