Changing stroke rehab and research worldwide now.Time is Brain! trillions and trillions of neurons that DIE each day because there are NO effective hyperacute therapies besides tPA(only 12% effective). I have 523 posts on hyperacute therapy, enough for researchers to spend decades proving them out. These are my personal ideas and blog on stroke rehabilitation and stroke research. Do not attempt any of these without checking with your medical provider. Unless you join me in agitating, when you need these therapies they won't be there.

What this blog is for:

My blog is not to help survivors recover, it is to have the 10 million yearly stroke survivors light fires underneath their doctors, stroke hospitals and stroke researchers to get stroke solved. 100% recovery. The stroke medical world is completely failing at that goal, they don't even have it as a goal. Shortly after getting out of the hospital and getting NO information on the process or protocols of stroke rehabilitation and recovery I started searching on the internet and found that no other survivor received useful information. This is an attempt to cover all stroke rehabilitation information that should be readily available to survivors so they can talk with informed knowledge to their medical staff. It lays out what needs to be done to get stroke survivors closer to 100% recovery. It's quite disgusting that this information is not available from every stroke association and doctors group.

Friday, December 2, 2016

A Go on NOGO: Promising Therapy for CNS Disease and Injury

So has anything here been put into clinical practice after 15 years studying this? We need axonal regeneration. Is this a piece of the stroke strategy? WHOM is making sure this gets translated into viable clinical interventions?

A Go on NOGO: Promising Therapy for CNS Disease and Injury

Cecilia Reyes and Yaroslav Voronin
Department of Biology
Lake Forest College
Lake Forest, Illinois 60045

Abstract

Mammals  have  evolved  with  a  limited  capacity  to  regenerate  neurons  in  the  CNS.  Damage  to  the  CNS  by  traumatic  injury,  stroke and neurodegenerative disorders can result in permanent loss of  sensory,  motor,  and  cognitive  functions.    Fifteen  years  ago,  my lab began studying the inhibitory mechanisms in damaged CNS.  We have identified the myelin-associated protein Nogo-A as a key player in  sprouting  inhibition.  Nogo-A,  as  well  as  two  other  inhibitory  proteins, MAG and OMgp, bind to the nogo-66 receptor (NgR) to inhibit axonal regeneration in the CNS.  We identified two mechanisms with neurons  that  promote  Nogo-based  CNS  inhibition:  the  rho-ROCK  kinase  pathway  that  is  selectively  activated  by  NgR,  and  the  integrin-actin pathway that is activated by a 66-amino-acid residue on Nogo-A.  While genetic and chemical disruption of NgR ligands (nogo-A, MAG and OMgp) has resulted in poor regeneration after injury, manipulation of NgR has shown promising therapeutic value in both in vivo and in vitro. Therapeutic administration of NgR(310)ecto-Fc protein, an NgR antagonist, in tissue and mouse models can neutralize the inhibitory effects of the three NgR ligands and has proven beneficial in
promoting motor function after spinal cord injury and stroke
. Finally, we have found that inhibiting Nogo-A in ALS and Alzheimer’s disease models reduces pathological characteristics, indicating that manipulating Nogo-NgR based inhibition holds great promise for CNS injury
and neurodegenerative disease. 

Figure 1. Axon generation in PNS vs CNS. Microenvironmental differences promote axonal regeneration in the PNS, while inhibiting regeneration in the CNS. Damage to an axon through traumatic injury results in defragmentation and disintegration of the axon. This axonal debris is rapidly cleared by macrophages in the PNS, supporting spontaneous regeneration. PNS neurons upregulate regeneration-associated genes (RAGs) to promote neurite outgrowth resulting in recovery of function. In contrast, after CNS axonal injury slower debris clearance and scarring induced by astrocytes all result in limited CNS neuronal regeneration. Failure to regenerate axons is also largely contributed to endogenous myelin inhibitory molecules (nogo, MAG, OMgp) present only in the CNS.

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