But is it faster than this? Or don't you even know about this one?
And then this to rule out a bleeder.
New Device Quickly Assesses Brain Bleeding in Head Injuries - 5-10 minutes April 2017
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Nanomaterial Technologies for Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Brain Hemorrhage
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Introduction
Brain
hemorrhages represent life-threatening medical emergencies
characterized by bleeding within the cranial cavity, often resulting in
severe neurological deficits and high mortality rates.[1], [2] The
etiology of brain hemorrhage is diverse, encompassing traumatic brain
injuries (TBI) sustained in accidents or falls, and non-traumatic events
such as chronic hypertension, vascular malformations (e.g.,
arteriovenous malformations), aneurysm rupture, amyloid angiopathy, and
the transformation of ischemic strokes into hemorrhagic events. Each of
these etiological factors presents distinct challenges both in immediate
management and long-term rehabilitation.[3], [4], [5]. Clinical
outcomes are heavily dependent on the underlying causes, as well as the
location and volume of the hemorrhage, which often lead to acute
neurological dysfunction, elevated intracranial pressure, and potential
long-term disability. Patients often suffer from impaired cognitive and
motor functions, substantial reductions in quality-of-life, and extended
rehabilitation periods.[6], [7], [8], [9] Given the complexity of brain
hemorrhage, timely and accurate diagnosis is crucial for effective
management and treatment.
In
clinic practice, diagnostic tools such as computed tomography (CT) and
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are essential for determining the
extent, type, and impact of hemorrhages on surrounding brain
structures.[10], [11], [12] Treatment strategies primarily focus on
stabilizing the patient, managing intracranial pressure, and addressing
underlying causes. These approaches typically include pharmacological
interventions to control blood pressure and prevent further bleeding,
alongside surgical options to evacuate hematomas and repair damaged
blood vessels.[13], [14], [15], [16] Despite the advances in medical
technology, significant challenges remain in diagnosis and treatment of
brain hemorrhages. Accurate diagnosis is particularly complex due to the
need to distinguish among various types of hemorrhages—subarachnoid,
subdural, epidural, and intracerebral—each of which requires distinct
management strategies. Clinical imaging techniques must be employed
effectively to identify the location and extent of the hemorrhage, while
also distinguishing it from other neurological conditions, such as
intracerebral edema, calcification or tumors.[17], [18], [19] Treatment
challenges involve addressing both primary and secondary injuries.
Primary brain hemorrhage management entails controlling the hemorrhage,
preventing re-bleeding, managing elevated intracranial pressure, and
determining appropriate surgical interventions. Secondary injuries pose
even greater challenges, requiring effective long-term care and
rehabilitation to mitigate secondary inflammation and further damage.
Addressing these concerns is critical for preventing neurological
deficits and managing complications such as brain edema and infections,
which are vital for recovery.[20], [21], [22] These complexities
highlight the need for a coordinated, multidisciplinary approach to
improve patient outcomes in brain hemorrhage management.
In
recent decades, rapid advancements of nanotechnology have led to the
development of engineered nanomaterials as innovative alternatives to
traditional contrast agents and therapeutic drugs.[23], [24], [25],
[26], [27], [28], [29] In the realm of hemorrhage medical imaging,
nanomaterial-based imaging agents, due to their optimal hydrodynamic
diameters, can remain confined within blood vessels and only extravasate
at sites of vascular injury during bleeding.[30], [31] This enables
precise depiction of the location and extent of hemorrhages. Moreover,
the specific molecular targeting capability of nanomaterial-based agents
allows for the spatiotemporal mapping of key molecules within the site
of cerebral hemorrhage. In terms of treatment, nanomaterial-based
therapeutic agents can improve the pharmacological and pharmacokinetic
profiles of conventional drugs or enable targeted delivery through
functionalized drug carriers.[32], [33], [34], [35] These approaches
introduce novel strategies for treating hemorrhage, including
advancements in neuroprotection, complication prevention, and nerve
regeneration. By leveraging their unique properties, nanomaterial-based
agents have been developed and explored for the diagnosis and treatment
of brain hemorrhages across different etiologies.[36], [37], [38] These
agents hold significant promise in addressing the specific clinical
needs related to cerebral hemorrhage.
Despite
this progress made, there still leaves considerable room for
improvement in nanomaterials-based agents for brain hemorrhage, with the
potential to further enhance the clinical efficacy of both diagnosis
and treatment. However, significant challenges continue to impede the
widespread implementation of nanomaterial-based approaches in managing
cerebral hemorrhage.
In
this review, the current status of nanomaterial-based strategies for
diagnosing and treating various types of brain hemorrhages is
summarized. It encompasses imaging techniques for stroke and TBI-related
hemorrhages, as well as therapeutic approaches aimed at resisting
oxidative stress, alleviating inflammation, and promoting brain tissue
repair and functional recovery (Scheme 1). By presenting effective
examples of in vivo imaging and treatment, the benefits and
opportunities offered by nanomaterial-based agents for these conditions
are highlighted. Additionally, the challenges and future perspectives
related to both fundamental research and clinical translation of
nanomaterial-based agents for brain hemorrhage are discussed. The
overarching aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive
understanding of recent advancements in nanomaterial-based strategies
for high-resolution, high-sensitivity diagnosis and effective treatment
of brain hemorrhage, which holds significant promise for improving
clinical outcomes and reducing morbidity and mortality associated with
this disease.
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