I went through the 12 pages and while there are 45 references to protocol. You keep using that word. I do not think it means what you think it means. Inigo Montoya from 'The Princess Bride'. The best movie ever made.
Consensus: Motor cortex plasticity protocols
2008, Brain Stimulation
Ulf Ziemann, MD, PhD a,
Ulf Ziemann, MD, PhD a,
Walter Paulus, MDb,
Michael A. Nitsche, MD b,
Alvaro Pascual-Leone, MD, PhD c,
Winston D. Byblow, PhD d,
Alfredo Berardelli, MD e,
Hartwig R. Siebner, MD, PhD f,
Joseph Classen, MD, PhD g,
Leonardo G. Cohen, MD h,
John C. Rothwell, PhD i
a Department Neurology, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Germany
b Department Clinical Neurophysiology, Georg August-University Go¨ttingen, Germany
c Berebson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
d Movement Neuroscience Laboratory, University of Auckland, New Zealand
e Department of Neurological Sciences, Neuromed Institute, Sapienza, University of Rome, Italy
f Department of Neurology, Christian Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany
g Department of Neurology, Julius Maximilians University, Wu¨rzburg, Germany
h Human Cortical Physiology Section, NINDS, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
i Sobell Department, Institute of Neurology, London, England
a Department Neurology, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Germany
b Department Clinical Neurophysiology, Georg August-University Go¨ttingen, Germany
c Berebson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
d Movement Neuroscience Laboratory, University of Auckland, New Zealand
e Department of Neurological Sciences, Neuromed Institute, Sapienza, University of Rome, Italy
f Department of Neurology, Christian Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany
g Department of Neurology, Julius Maximilians University, Wu¨rzburg, Germany
h Human Cortical Physiology Section, NINDS, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
i Sobell Department, Institute of Neurology, London, England
Summary
Noninvasive transcranial stimulation is being increasingly used by clinicians and neuroscientists to alter deliberately the status of the human brain. Important applications are the induction of virtual lesions (for example, transient dysfunction) to identify the importance of the stimulated brain network for a certain sensorimotor or cognitive task, and the induction of changes in neuronal excitability,synaptic plasticity or behavioral function outlasting the stimulation, for example, for therapeutic purposes. The aim of this article is to review critically the properties of the different currently used stimulation protocols, including a focus on their particular strengths and weaknesses, to facilitate their appropriate and conscientious application.
2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Keywords
transcranial magnetic stimulation; transcranial direct current stimulation; paired associa-tive stimulation; theta burst stimulation; human motor cortex
Address reprint requests to: Prof. Ulf Ziemann, Department Neurology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University Frankfurt, Schleusenweg 2-16, D-60528Frankfurt am Main, Germany.E-mail address: u.ziemann@em.uni-frankfurt.deSubmitted May 26, 2008. Accepted for publication June 9, 2008.
2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Keywords
transcranial magnetic stimulation; transcranial direct current stimulation; paired associa-tive stimulation; theta burst stimulation; human motor cortex
Address reprint requests to: Prof. Ulf Ziemann, Department Neurology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University Frankfurt, Schleusenweg 2-16, D-60528Frankfurt am Main, Germany.E-mail address: u.ziemann@em.uni-frankfurt.deSubmitted May 26, 2008. Accepted for publication June 9, 2008.
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