https://jneuroengrehab.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12984-017-0279-1
- R. D. SeidlerEmail author and
- R. G. Carson
Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation201714:74
DOI: 10.1186/s12984-017-0279-1
© The Author(s). 2017
Received: 27 February 2017
Accepted: 21 June 2017
Published: 13 July 2017
Abstract
Here we provide an overview of
findings and viewpoints on the mechanisms of sensorimotor learning
presented at the 2016 Biomechanics and Neural Control of Movement
(BANCOM) conference in Deer Creek, OH. This field has shown substantial
growth in the past couple of decades. For example it is now well
accepted that neural systems outside of primary motor pathways play a
role in learning. Frontoparietal and anterior cingulate networks
contribute to sensorimotor adaptation, reflecting strategic aspects of
exploration and learning. Longer term training results in functional and
morphological changes in primary motor and somatosensory cortices.
Interestingly, re-engagement of strategic processes once a skill has
become well learned may disrupt performance.
Efforts to predict individual
differences in learning rate have enhanced our understanding of the
neural, behavioral, and genetic factors underlying skilled human
performance. Access to genomic analyses has dramatically increased over
the past several years. This has enhanced our understanding of cellular
processes underlying the expression of human behavior, including
involvement of various neurotransmitters, receptors, and enzymes.
Surprisingly our field has been slow to adopt such approaches in
studying neural control, although this work does require much larger
sample sizes than are typically used to investigate skill learning. We
advocate that individual differences approaches can lead to new insights
into human sensorimotor performance. Moreover, a greater understanding
of the factors underlying the wide range of performance capabilities
seen across individuals can promote personalized medicine and refinement
of rehabilitation strategies, which stand to be more effective than
“one size fits all” treatments.
Keywords
Motor learning Adaptation BANCOM SNP Genetic predictors GenotypeBackground
This
paper provides a high level overview of the 2016 Biomechanics and
Neural Control of Movement conference session on sensorimotor adaptation
and learning. In the past few decades there have been substantial
changes in perspectives of motor learning; predictive and optimal
control theories have been put forth to explain how performance can be
updated despite physiological limitations such as feedback delays and
impedance. This forward modeling approach has been described by Miall
and Wolpert [1];
the current state of the body is used as a starting point, and motor
efference copy is used to predict action outcomes. One can therefore
implement some required corrections without waiting for action feedback.
Furthermore, error correcting mechanisms seem to leverage the same
forward modeling processes that are used to plan and initiate voluntary
actions, with hallmarks of corrections being visible at latencies as
short as 60 ms [2, 3].
It has also been demonstrated that both forward models and error
correction processes are modified with sensorimotor adaptation (cf. [4, 5, 6, 7]).
In
the past ten years, substantial progress has been made in identifying
neurocognitive correlates of adaptation to sensorimotor perturbations
and individual differences contributing to varying degrees of success
with adaptation and learning. This paper provides a perspective on these
topics. Specifically, section II outlines how the study of individual
differences in learning and adaptation rates can yield understanding of
the neural and cognitive processes underlying these behaviors. Section
III highlights genetic approaches as another pathway to elucidating
individual differences in learning. We then discuss clinical
implications of the reviewed work (section IV) and future directions
that may prove fruitful for further study (section V).
More at link.
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