Ultrasonographic Changes in Lower Extremity Tendon Thickness After Stroke Rehabilitation and Their Associations with Balance and Functional Outcomes

'Associations' DO NOTHING FOR SURVIVOR RECOVERY! Are you that blitheringly stupid you don't know that survivors would like recovery rather than a completely fucking useless 'association'?  By not writing a protocol for recovery on this, you were actually WORSE THAN USELESS! You're all fired!

Ultrasonographic Changes in Lower Extremity Tendon Thickness After Stroke Rehabilitation and Their Associations with Balance and Functional Outcomes

Tugba Alisik^*Ebubekir Demir

• Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, Abant Izzet Baysal University, Bolu, Türkiye

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Introduction: Peripheral musculoskeletal structures may undergo secondary changes after stroke, but tendon-specific adaptations and their relationship with functional recovery are not well defined. This study examined lower extremity tendon thickness in patients with post-stroke hemiplegia before and after a four-week inpatient rehabilitation program and explored associations between tendon thickness and clinical improvement. 

Methods: 

In this prospective observational study, 45 patients with post-stroke hemiplegia completed a four-week rehabilitation program. Quadriceps, patellar, Achilles tendon and plantar fascia thicknesses were measured bilaterally at baseline and post-treatment using ultrasonography. Clinical assessments included the Berg Balance Scale (BBS), Functional Ambulation Classification (FAC), Barthel Index, Brunnstrom stages and Modified Ashworth Scale (MAS). Fifteen healthy volunteers served as controls (single assessment). Continuous variables are presented as mean±SD when approximately normally distributed and as median (IQR) otherwise; p-values were adjusted for multiplicity in secondary analyses as specified. 

Results: 

Paretic-side quadriceps tendon thickness (primary outcome) increased from 5.94±0.96 to 6.48±0.95 mm (p<0.001), with 21/45 (46.7%) exceeding minimal detectable change with a 95% confidence interval (MDC95). Baseline paretic-side quadriceps thickness was lower than controls (p_adj=0.048) but did not differ post-treatment (p_adj>0.99). Patellar and Achilles tendons and plantar fascia also showed consistent bilateral increases (all p<0.001). Balance and functional outcomes improved over the period (BBS Δ: 6 [4–9]; FAC improved by ≥1 level in 27/45 [60.0%]; Barthel improved with median paired Δ: 0 [0–5]; all p<0.001). Changes in quadriceps tendon thickness showed modest positive associations with changes in BBS (both sides) and Barthel (non-paretic side). 

Discussion: 

Lower-extremity tendon morphology in post-stroke hemiplegia appeared dynamic over a 4-week inpatient rehabilitation period, with quadriceps tendon thickness broadly paralleling improvements in balance and functional independence. Larger, longer-term studies are needed to clarify clinical utility.