EEG-based predictors of motor recovery during immersive VR-BCI rehabilitation

 

'Assessments', biomarkers and predictions don't get you recovered, only EXACT PROTOCOLS DO! SURVIVORS WANT RECOVERY GET THERE!

I'd fire everyone involved with this crapola! You're predicting based on the failure of the status quo! Change the status quo, you blithering idiots!

The only possibility of assessments being useful is if they POINT DIRECTLY TO EXACT REHAB PROTOCOLS! This did nothing towards that so completely fucking useless!

Predictions like this NEVER GET ANYONE RECOVERED! I'd have you all fired for incompetency in not solving stroke!

EEG-based predictors of motor recovery during immersive VR-BCI rehabilitation

• Madalena Valente, 
• Diogo Branco, 
• Sergi Bermúdez i Badia, 
• Jean-Claude Fernandes, 
• Patrícia Figueiredo & 
• Athanasios Vourvopoulos 

Scientific Reports , Article number:  (2026) Cite this article

We are providing an unedited version of this manuscript to give early access to its findings. Before final publication, the manuscript will undergo further editing. Please note there may be errors present which affect the content, and all legal disclaimers apply.

Abstract

Motor impairment following stroke frequently leads to long-term disability, limiting independence and quality of life. Brain–Computer Interface (BCI) systems integrating motor imagery (MI) with virtual reality (VR) offer promising avenues for enhancing neuroplasticity and engagement through immersive, real-time, and proprioceptive feedback. Yet, identifying reliable electroencephalography (EEG)-based biomarkers that reflect or predict recovery remains challenging. This study investigated the relationship between event-related desynchronization (ERD) dynamics during MI–VR training and motor recovery in individuals with chronic stroke. Fourteen participants with stroke (9 experimental, 5 control) completed a 4-week VR–BCI intervention and were compared with a non-stroke reference cohort (N = 35). Linear mixed-effects models assessed ERD modulation across sessions and groups, and a two-stage regression evaluated the predictive value of ERD features for Fugl–Meyer Assessment (FMA) gains. Results showed no significant ERD change across sessions, but stroke participants exhibited significantly reduced ERD compared to controls. Baseline ERD amplitude predicted motor improvement, whereas ERD progression did not. Ipsilateral ERD showed a compensatory trend in ischemic stroke. These findings indicate that baseline ERD may serve as a stronger prognostic biomarker than short-term ERD dynamics, supporting the development of personalized VR–BCI rehabilitation strategies for chronic stroke recovery.

Data availability

The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author, upon reasonable request.