Changing stroke rehab and research worldwide now.Time is Brain! trillions and trillions of neurons that DIE each day because there are NO effective hyperacute therapies besides tPA(only 12% effective). I have 523 posts on hyperacute therapy, enough for researchers to spend decades proving them out. These are my personal ideas and blog on stroke rehabilitation and stroke research. Do not attempt any of these without checking with your medical provider. Unless you join me in agitating, when you need these therapies they won't be there.

What this blog is for:

My blog is not to help survivors recover, it is to have the 10 million yearly stroke survivors light fires underneath their doctors, stroke hospitals and stroke researchers to get stroke solved. 100% recovery. The stroke medical world is completely failing at that goal, they don't even have it as a goal. Shortly after getting out of the hospital and getting NO information on the process or protocols of stroke rehabilitation and recovery I started searching on the internet and found that no other survivor received useful information. This is an attempt to cover all stroke rehabilitation information that should be readily available to survivors so they can talk with informed knowledge to their medical staff. It lays out what needs to be done to get stroke survivors closer to 100% recovery. It's quite disgusting that this information is not available from every stroke association and doctors group.

Wednesday, September 10, 2025

Eye Protein Levels Linked to Cognitive Decline

 What method is your competent? doctor using to objectively determine your cognitive decline? NOTHING? So, your doctor has NO CLUE how to OBJECTIVELY measure that?  In my opinion your doctor should know this.

  • cognitive decline (342 posts to December2011)
  • cognitive screening (5 posts to August 2021)
  • Eye Protein Levels Linked to Cognitive Decline

    Summary: A new study reveals that levels of the SLIT2 protein in eye and blood samples are linked to cognitive performance in middle-aged adults. Researchers found that lower SLIT2 in vitreous humor correlated with poorer memory and global cognition, while higher SLIT2 in plasma also predicted lower cognitive scores.

    The vitreous humor contained up to seven times more SLIT2 than blood, but levels in the two fluids did not correlate. The findings highlight the potential of eye-based biomarkers for early detection of dementia and Alzheimer’s disease.

    Key Facts

    • Dual Biomarker: SLIT2 levels in both vitreous humor and plasma were tied to cognition.
    • Opposite Patterns: Lower SLIT2 in eye fluid and higher SLIT2 in blood both linked to worse scores.
    • Diagnostic Potential: Ocular fluids may provide a new avenue for early dementia detection.

    Source: Boston University

    Neurocognitive impairments are classified by pathological changes with potential for destruction of neural tissue. One change known to occur in neurodegenerative disorders is an accumulation of proteins causing pathological damage.

    While prior reports have suggested a link between Slit Guidance Ligand 2 (SLIT2) protein levels and late-onset dementia and Alzheimer’s disease, these findings have not been validated by a current commercially available SLIT2 immunoassay. Additionally, there is no currently published data on SLIT2 protein levels in an early-onset dementia population.

    This shows an eye and brains.
    This is the first study to report relative concentrations of SLIT2 in vitreous and plasma and establish an association between SLIT2 levels from both sources with cognitive function. Credit: Neuroscience News

    A new study by researchers at Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center has shown that in middle-aged individuals, there is a significant association between levels of SLIT2 protein in both vitreous humor (the gel-like substance in the eye) and plasma (blood) and neurocognitive test scores.

    This is the first study to report relative concentrations of SLIT2 in vitreous and plasma and establish an association between SLIT2 levels from both sources with cognitive function.

    “The association between SLIT2, which is highly expressed in the eye’s retina, and cognitive status has not been previously investigated. Our findings demonstrate the potential of ocular fluids as a sampling source for early detection and diagnosis of neurodegenerative disease,” explains co-corresponding author Manju L. Subramanian, MD, associate professor of ophthalmology at the school.

    Seventy-nine individuals with an average age of 56 underwent eye surgery along with neurocognitive assessments. Samples of their vitreous humor and plasma were collected and then analyzed by a custom-designed highly sensitive Meso Scale Discovery (MSD) SLIT2 electrochemiluminescence immunoassay.

    Immunoassays use antigen-antibody reactions to measure the presence and concentration of specific substances in biological samples. Associations between SLIT2 levels in vitreous humor and plasma were analyzed using GraphPad Prism.

    The researchers found lower levels of SLIT2 in vitreous humor to be associated with lower scores on the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), a screening tool for cognitive impairment, as well as the Immediate Recall Verbatim z-score, a measure of verbal memory.

    Conversely, higher levels of SLIT2 in plasma were associated with lower MoCA scores. Notably, the vitreous humor contains up to seven times more SLIT2 than plasma. The levels of SLIT2 in the vitreous humor and plasma did not show a correlation with each other. 

    “We found the association between SLIT2 levels and neurocognitive scores remains significant even after accounting for various demographic factors like age, sex, race, and health conditions such as diabetic status, diabetic retinopathy, glaucoma and Apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotype,” says Weining Lu, MD, associate professor of medicine, pathology and laboratory medicine at the school.

    These findings appear online in the Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease. The abstract was presented at the 2025 ARVO Annual Meeting, held in Salt Lake City, Utah, this past May.

    Funding: This research was supported in part by the National Institutes of Health grant R01-DK133940 (WL), R03AG063255 (MLS), the DOD grant E01HT9425-23-1-1058 (WL), a 2023 Boston University Ignition Award (WL), a 2024 B4D-ARC Award from the Evans Center of Boston University (MLS, WL) and funding support from Boston University Undergraduate Research Opportunities Program (EL).

    This publication is also supported in part by the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, through Boston University Clinical & Translational Science Institute (CTSI) Grant Number 1UL1TR001430.

    About this cognitive decline and genetics research news

    Author: Gina DiGravio
    Source: Boston University
    Contact: Gina DiGravio – Boston University
    Image: The image is credited to Neuroscience News

    Original Research: Open access.
    The association between SLIT2 in human vitreous humor and plasma and neurocognitive test scores” by Manju L. Subramanian et al. Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease


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