Stop with the fuckingly lazy scholarly discussion and write up protocols that get survivors recovered. Are you that fucking lazy and stupid about what needs to be done to help survivors? Or do you like hearing yourself talk and do nothing?
Movement goals encoded within the cortex and muscle synergies to reduce redundancy pre and post-stroke. The relevance for gait rehabilitation and the prescription of walking-aids. A literature review and scholarly discussion
Clare C. Maguire Department of Physiotherapy, BZG Bildungszentrum Gesundheit Basel-Stadt, Munchenstein, Switzerland; Health Division, Bern University of Applied Science, Bern, Switzerland; Caphri Research School, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the NetherlandsCorrespondenceclare.maguire@bzgbs.ch , PT, PhD, Judith M. Sieben Caphri Research School, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands , PhD & Robert A. De Bie Caphri Research School, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Department of Epidemiology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands , PT, PhD
Pages 1-14 | Received 22 May 2016, Accepted 29 Jun 2017, Published online: 05 Feb 2018
Pages 1-14
Received 22 May 2016
Accepted 29 Jun 2017
Published online: 05 Feb 2018
ABSTRACT
ABSTRACT
Current knowledge of neural and neuromuscular processes controlling gait and movement as well as an understanding of how these mechanisms change following stroke is an important basis for the development of effective rehabilitation interventions. To support the translation of findings from basic research into useful treatments in clinical practice, up-to-date neuroscience should be presented in forms accessible to all members of the multidisciplinary team. In this review we discuss aspects of cortical control of gait and movement, muscle synergies as a way of translating cortical commands into specific muscle activity and as an efficient means of reducing neural and musculoskeletal redundancy. We discuss how these mechanisms change following stroke, potential consequences for gait rehabilitation, and the prescription and use of walking-aids as well as areas requiring further research.Introduction
An up-to-date knowledge of neural and neuromuscular processes controlling movement as well as an understanding of how these mechanisms change following stroke is an important basis for developing effective rehabilitation interventions. This approach has been advocated and implemented by many physiotherapy researchers over the past three decades leading to the routine implementation of science based interventions such as high repetition, task-oriented training, constraint-induced movement therapy, and biofeedback (Carr and Shepherd, 1987 Carr JH, Shepherd RB 1987 A Motor Relearning Programme for Stroke, Aspen Publishers, UK. [Google Scholar]; Clark and Patten, 2013 Clark DJ, Patten C 2013 Eccentric versus concentric resistance training to enhance neuromuscular activation and walking speed following stroke. 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Despite these developments, numerous aspects of clinical practice remain based on low level evidence or expert opinion (Kollen et al., 2009 Kollen BJ, Lennon S, Lyons B, Wheatley-Smith L, Scheper M, Buurke JH, Halfens J, Geurts AC, Kwakkel G 2009 The effectiveness of the Bobath concept in stroke rehabilitation: what is the evidence? Stroke 40: e89–e97.[Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®], [Google Scholar]; Lennon, 2003 Lennon S 2003 Physiotherapy practice in stroke rehabilitation: a survey. Disability and Rehabilitation 25: 455–461.[Taylor & Francis Online], [Web of Science ®], [Google Scholar]; States, Pappas, and Salem, 2009 States RA, Pappas E, Salem Y 2009 Overground physical therapy gait training for chronic stroke patients with mobility deficits. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 3: CD006075.[PubMed], [Google Scholar]; Veerbeek et al., 2014 Veerbeek JM, van Wegen E, van Peppen R, van der Wees PJ, Hendriks E, Rietberg M, Kwakkel G 2014 What is the evidence for physical therapy poststroke? A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 9: e87987.[Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®], [Google Scholar]). Walking aids for example, including canes and rollators, although often widely used for long periods, have been only sparsely investigated regarding long-term impact on neural and neuromuscular mechanisms. Information from basic science and the potential relevance for walking aid prescription is not routinely considered. To date, research has mainly studied the immediate effects on kinetic, kinematic, or physiological outcomes in cross-sectional studies (Jeong, Jeong, Myong, and Koo, 2015 Jeong YG, Jeong YJ, Myong JP, Koo JW 2015 Which type of cane is the most efficient, based on oxygen consumption and balance capacity. In Chronic Stroke Patients? Gait and Posture 41: 493–498.[Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®], [Google Scholar]; Polese et al., 2012 Polese JC, Teixeira-Salmela LF, Nascimento LR, Faria CD, Kirkwood RN, Laurentino GC, Ada L 2012 The effects of walking sticks on gait kinematics and kinetics with chronic stroke survivors. Clinical Biomechanics 27: 131–137.[Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®], [Google Scholar]).Movement has been described as the result of interactions between: the person (with their individual physical and mental characteristics); and the task or movement goal the person is attempting to achieve and the environment (including the perpetual force of gravity) within which the movement is occurring (Shumway-Cook and Woollacott, 2007 Shumway-Cook A, Woollacott MH 2007 Motor Control. Translating Research into Clinical Practice, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, Baltimore, New York, London. [Google Scholar]). In this article we discuss research finding related to the neuromuscular control of movement which illustrate these points on a neuroscientific basis.
We examine research findings regarding: 1) cortical involvement in movement and gait control; 2) “muscle synergies” which according to a large body of evidence are the means by which cortical commands are converted into muscle actions; and 3) We discuss how these mechanisms change post stroke and possible consequences for rehabilitation and the use of walking-aids.
