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http://www.alphagalileo.org/ViewItem.aspx?ItemId=164067&CultureCode=en
Maike Luhmann from the University of Cologne and Louise C. Hawkley
from the National Opinion Research Center at the University of Chicago
were able to find out in which phases of their lives people are most at
risk of becoming lonely. Their findings show that loneliness most often
affects people in old age, beginning at approximately eighty. But there
are also phases in midlife at which the risk is high.
Loneliness is a widespread condition. It can make people depressed
and even physically ill. The psychologists Maike Luhmann and Louise C.
Hawkley conducted a representative survey among 16,132 participants of
the Socio-economic Panel (SOEP) in 2013. They published their findings
under the title “Age Differences in Loneliness From Late Adolescence to
Oldest Old Age” in the journal Developmental Psychology. Their research
shows that the loneliness elderly people experience is often due to
their decreasing social interactions and oftentimes low income. But
there are also phases in early and mid adulthood in which people tend to
be lonely, for example in their early thirties and in their fifties.
These high values cannot be explained by the usual factors that cause
loneliness; their causes are yet to be explored. Approximately at the
age of sixty, the loneliness people often experience in their fifties
decreases again, reaching a low point at approximately seventy.
In which age groups does loneliness in midlife tend to be at its
highest and at its lowest? Why are there age differences in the level of
loneliness? Are certain risk factors for loneliness more prevalent in
certain age groups than in others? These are the sorts of questions
Luhmann and Hawkley pursued in their study. They controlled for a number
of well-known risk factors such as income, gender, health and social
contacts. “If we eliminate these factors from the overall result, the
drastic increase of loneliness on old age disappears and a complex
nonlinear trajectory is discernible,” says Maike Luhmann, junior
professor at the Department of Psychology. “This means that we can
explain fairly accurately why old people tend to get lonely, but we do
not yet know why there are phases in young and mid adulthood in which
loneliness is more pronounced.” The rise in loneliness in old age is
mainly attributed to the loss of one’s spouse or to health problems.
Both risk factors are widespread in this age group.
High income seems to be a protective factor: the higher a person’s
income is, the less likely it is that he or she will become lonely.
However, this correlation is particularly strong in mid adulthood –
money is more important in this phase than in early or late adulthood.
Professional status is also especially important in mid adulthood.
Having a good job safeguards against loneliness in this life phase.
Other factors influencing loneliness are distributed to different
degrees across age groups, but always have an impact on loneliness,
regardless of age. Amongst others, they include health restrictions and
the frequency of social interaction.
The psychologists now want to explore why the risk of loneliness is
particularly high in certain phases in early and mid adulthood.
http://psycnet.apa.org/psycinfo/2016-22442-001/
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