Analysis of the Outcomes Studied in the Application of Invasive and Non-Invasive Vagus Nerve Stimulation in Clinical and Preclinical Studies Involving Stroke—A Scoping Review

Research like this is needed because our fucking failures of stroke organizations and incompetent? doctors don't keep up with and implement research!

• vagus nerve (60 posts to July 2012)

If your stroke hospital didn't implement vagus nerve stimulation over a decade ago! THEY ARE COMLETELY FUCKING INCOMPETENT!    

Analysis of the Outcomes Studied in the Application of Invasive and Non-Invasive Vagus Nerve Stimulation in Clinical and Preclinical Studies Involving Stroke—A Scoping Review

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1

Laboratory of Neuroscience and Neurological Rehabilitation, Physical Therapy Department, Federal University of Sao Carlos, Sao Carlos 13565-905, Brazil

2

Department of Physical Therapy, Federal University of Sao Carlos, Sao Carlos 13565-905, Brazil

3

Spaulding Neuromodulation Center, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA

*

Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.

NeuroSci2026, 7(1), 9;https://doi.org/10.3390/neurosci7010009

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Abstract

Background: Currently, there is a considerable number of studies addressing vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) for the treatment of different stroke-related outcomes. We aimed to promote a broad view of the outcomes studied and what are the opportune outcomes to be studied involving this therapeutic strategy for the treatment of post-stroke complications. Methods: This is a scoping review that followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). Two investigators conducted independent searches on PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, and Embase till July 2025. Randomized clinical trials and preclinical studies using invasive or non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation conducted with a population diagnosed with stroke were included. Results: Forty-one experimental studies and sixteen clinical trials were included. The outcomes found were neuroprotection; motor, functional, and cognitive rehabilitation; dysphagia; comparison of different stimulation intensities; safety, efficacy, and feasibility of the non-invasive approach; comparison between transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS) and transcutaneous cervical vagus nerve stimulation (tcVNS); and comparison between two models of ischemia (permanent and transient). Preclinical studies mostly investigated molecular elements involved in neuroprotection, neuroinflammation, and cellular apoptosis, while clinical studies evaluating the effectiveness of this technique used for rehabilitation and its comparison or combination with other techniques remain scarce. Conclusions: Most studies investigating the effects of VNS on different post-stroke outcomes are experimental studies. Clinical studies are still scarce and with limited analysis of outcomes.

More at link.

Nitric Oxide Regulates Neurogenesis in the Hippocampus following Seizures

Your competent? doctor has an EXACT PROTOCOL ON THIS and knows about the Nobel prize awarded for the work finding this? NO? 

• nitric oxide (121 posts to March 2011)
• endothelial nitric oxide (2 posts to January 2019)
• nitric oxide generator (1 post to July 2022)
• nitric oxide pathways (1 post to July 2021)

 Nitric Oxide Regulates Neurogenesis in the Hippocampus following Seizures 

Caetana M.Carvalho,1 and Inês M.Araújo2,3 Coimbra, Portugal Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Neuroendocrinology and Neurogenesis Group, University of Coimbra,- Regenerative Medicine Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Medicine, University of Algarve, Center for Biomedical Research (CBMR), University of Algarve, Correspondence should be addressed to Inˆes M. Ara´ujo; imaraujo@ualg.pt Received April ; Accepted Academic Editor: Renata Santos Copyright © May Bruno P. Carreira et al.-- Faro, Portugal Faro, Portugal is is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 

Hippocampal neurogenesis is changed by brain injury. When neuroin ammation accompanies injury, activation of resident microglial cells promotes the release of in ammatory cytokines and reactive oxygen/nitrogen species like nitric oxide (NO). In these conditions, NO promotes proliferation of neural stem cells (NSC) in the hippocampus. However, little is known about the role of NO in the survival and di erentiation of newborn cells in the injured dentate gyrus. Here we investigated the role of NO following seizures in the regulation of proliferation, migration, di erentiation, and survival of NSC in the hippocampus using the kainic acid (KA)inducedseizuremousemodel.WeshowthatNOincreasedtheproliferationofNSCandthenumberofneuroblasts following seizures but was detrimental to the survival of newborn neurons. NO was also required for the maintenance of long-term neuroin ammation. Taken together, our data show that NO positively contributes to the initial stages of neurogenesis following seizures but compromises survival of newborn neurons

Effectiveness of mirror and robot-assisted therapy for upper extremity rehabilitation in post-stroke patients: a meta-analysis

 I guess your absolutely incompetent? doctor and hospital didn't create protocols on this for well over a decade! So, you DON'T have a functioning stroke doctor or hospital!

Do you prefer your doctor, hospital and board of director's incompetence NOT KNOWING? OR NOT DOING? Your choice; let them be incompetent or demand action!

• mirror therapy (136 posts to October 2012)

mirror training (2 posts to September 2021)

robotic assisted therapy (19 posts to January 2017)

robotic exoskeletal hand (1 post to December 2024)

robotic exoskeleton (3 posts to October 2022)

robotic exosuit (1 post to November 2023)

robotic gait training (4 posts to December 2021)

robotic glove (2 posts to April 2023)

robotic harness (1 post to August 2017)

Robotic hip exoskeleton (3 posts to March 2024)

Robotic Knee Orthosis (1 post to August 2017)

Robotic mirror therapy (1 post to December 2022)

robotic rehabilitation (3 posts to May 2023)

robotic training (16 posts to January 2016)

robotic-assisted gait training (8 posts to November 2016)

robotics (349 posts to August 2011)

Once again pointing out the complete failure of having NO diagnosis stroke protocols that point to rehabilitation intervention stroke protocols.  You are fucking screwed since your doctor and therapists are 'winging it' for everything related to stroke and your recovery. 

The latest here:

Effectiveness of mirror and robot-assisted therapy for upper extremity rehabilitation in post-stroke patients: a meta-analysis

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• Open access
• Published: 15 January 2026

• article number , (2026)
• Cite this article

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Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Effectiveness of mirror and robot-assisted therapy for upper extremity rehabilitation in post-stroke patients: a meta-analysis

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• Chaoran Gao,
• Han Zhang,
• Kang He,
• Liuxia Wu,
• Li Zhang &
• Qiang Gao 

We are providing an unedited version of this manuscript to give early access to its findings. Before final publication, the manuscript will undergo further editing. Please note there may be errors present which affect the content, and all legal disclaimers apply.

Abstract

Introduction

Stroke is a leading cause of death and disability, with survivors often facing upper extremity (UE) impairments. Mirror therapy (MT) can enhance motor function but is influenced by cognitive and emotional factors. Robot-assisted therapy (RT) has shown efficacy in restoring UE function. Robot-mirror therapy (RMT), which combines MT and RT, has been investigated in several trials, with some showing benefits while others reported limited effects. This meta-analysis aimed to evaluate RMT’s effectiveness in improving UE function in stroke patients.

Methods

We included RCTs involving RMT in adult stroke patients. Searches covered ten databases (Cochrane Library, Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, CNKI, CINAHL, PEDro, ClinicalTrials.gov, WHO ICTRP) through October 2025, with a grey literature search. Two independent reviewers conducted study selection, data extraction, and quality assessment. The risk of bias and the certainty of the evidence were assessed using the Cochrane collaboration’s tool and the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) guideline, respectively.

Results

Sixteen RCTs (n=736) were analyzed. RMT significantly improved UE motor function (Fugl-Meyer Assessment-Upper Extremity (FMA-UE); MD 7.52, 95% CI 4.16-10.87; P<.0001 and Wolf Motor Function Test; MD 5.13, 95% CI 2.33-7.92; P=.0003), distal UE motor function (FMA-UE (distal); MD 2.92, 95% CI 1.43-4.42; P=.0001), hand motor function (SMD 1.06, 95% CI 0.15-1.97; P=.02), hand muscle strength (grip strength; SMD 1.34, 95% CI 0.17-2.51; P=.02), activities of daily living (Modified Barthel Index; MD 7.80, 95% CI 4.15-11.45; P<.0001 and Functional Independence Measure; MD 4.73, 95% CI 0.30-9.15; P=.04), and quality of life (SMD 1.00, 95% CI 0.00-1.99; P=.05). Subgroup analysis showed better outcomes in older patients (≥55), shorter interventions (<18 hours), and trial length of 3–6 weeks.

Conclusion

Moderate-quality evidence supports the effectiveness of RMT-based interventions for improving UE motor function and activities of daily living in stroke patients.

Trial Registration PROSPERO CRD420251077740.

Hugh Chatham Health receives honor 'Best Hospitals for Stroke Care'

 So, you're acknowledging you are a COMPLETE FUCKING FAILUE by spouting 'care' rather than recovery!

This is the whole problem in stroke enumerated in one word; 'care'; NOT RECOVERY! 

Our non-existent stroke leadership should be demanding RECOVERY NOT 'CARE'!

My god, anyone in the business world would be fired immediately for managing or caring about something rather than delivering RESULTS. And this is why this is a complete fucking failure! This does nothing to guarantee recovery for survivors!

If your stroke medical 'professional'/hospital is touting 'care' it means they are a failure because they are delivering 'care'; NOT RECOVERY! I would never go to a failed hospital! Anytime I see the word 'care' associated with a stroke hospital; I immediately think fucking failure!

YOU have to get involved and change this failure mindset of 'care' to 100% RECOVERY! Survivors want RECOVERY, NOT 'CARE'!

I see nothing here that states going for 100% recovery! You need to create EXACT PROTOCOLS FOR THAT!

ASK SURVIVORS WHAT THEY WANT, THEY'LL NEVER RESPOND 'CARE'! This tyranny of low expectations has to be completely rooted out of any stroke conversation! I wouldn't go there because of such incompetency as not having 100% recovery protocols!

RECOVERY IS THE ONLY GOAL IN STROKE!

GET THERE!

Hugh Chatham Health receives honor 'Best Hospitals for Stroke Care'

Hugh Chatham Health has been recognized as one of America’s Best Hospitals for Stroke Care by the Women’s Choice Award, placing it among the top-performing hospitals nationwide. This designation signifies that Hugh Chatham Health ranks in the top 9% of over 4,600 U.S. hospitals offering stroke care services.

I'd fire everybody involved in this travesty of 'care' rather than recovery! BEST, my ass!

According to the American Stroke Association:

• 1 in 5 women will experience a stroke in her lifetime

• Women account for nearly 60% of stroke-related deaths

• Studies show women are more likely to be misdiagnosed for stroke—even when presenting with the same symptoms as men

“Timely diagnosis and effective care are critical to preventing disability and improving recovery outcomes,” said Delia Passi, founder and CEO of the Women’s Choice Award. “The time to identify your community’s leading hospital for stroke care is now — not in the middle of a medical emergency when every minute counts.”

Award Criteria

The Women’s Choice Award for Stroke Care is the only national designation that combines clinical excellence, patient satisfaction, and women’s healthcare preferences to identify top-performing hospitals.

To qualify, hospitals must:

• Hold a Stroke Center Certification from the Joint Commission (JC) and/or Det Norske Veritas (DNV) [points assigned for different levels of certification]

• Meet or exceed performance measures from CMS, including:

• Top 80% of hospitals for timely Head CT scan results (within 45 minutes)

• No rating of “Worse than the National Rate” for deaths from serious treatable complications

The methodology also includes:

• HCAHPS survey results (patients who “definitely recommend” the hospital)

“Receiving top care within the first three hours of a stroke is critical to preventing long-term disability,” added Passi. “Our award helps women—and their families—identify hospitals where they have the best chance of a full recovery.”

Hugh Chatham Health is one of 503 hospitals nationwide to earn this prestigious recognition for 2026.

Mary Blackburn, Chief Operating Officer and Senior Vice President at Hugh Chatham Health, said “At Hugh Chatham Health, we are deeply committed to providing every patient with the highest-quality, safest care possible. Receiving another Women’s Choice Award for Stroke Care is a meaningful affirmation of the expertise, teamwork, and dedication of our providers, clinical staff, and teammates. We are proud to be recognized for the important work we do each day to improve the lives of people in the Yadkin Valley who are affected by stroke, giving them the best possible chance for recovery and survival.”

Brain Conductors Find Precise Connection to Target Cells via Protein Handshake

 Hoew will your competent? doctor EXACTLY USE THIS TO GET YOU 100% RECOVERED? 

Do you prefer your doctor, hospital and board of director's incompetence NOT KNOWING? OR NOT DOING? Your choice; let them be incompetent or demand action!

Brain Conductors Find Precise Connection to Target Cells via Protein Handshake

Summary: Researchers have identified two specific proteins, gliomedin and CNTNAP4, that act as a “handshake” mechanism allowing inhibitory chandelier cells to connect precisely with excitatory pyramidal neurons. This connection is vital for maintaining electrical balance in the brain. Disruptions in this process are linked to neurological disorders such as epilepsy, schizophrenia, and autism.

Source: Ohio State University

The brain’s ability to process information relies on a delicate balance between neurons that send “go” signals and those that send “stop” signals. Now, researchers have discovered exactly how the “conductors” of this orchestra find their way to the podium.

A new study from Ohio State University reveals how chandelier cells—a class of inhibitory interneurons—link up with their target excitatory cells. The team identified two specific molecules that must be present to enable a “handshake” between the cells, allowing synapses to form.

Chandelier cells are critical for brain function. They connect to a specific location on target excitatory neurons (pyramidal cells) called the axon initial segment. By grabbing this “handle,” chandelier cells can powerfully suppress the activity of the excitatory neurons, effectively preventing runaway electrical signals.

“These inhibitory interneurons shape and balance local circuit activity – they are the modulators, coordinators, the conductors of the orchestra,” said Yasufumi Hayano, lead author and postdoctoral scholar at Ohio State University. “From our results, we’ve concluded that interaction between two specific proteins regulates the specificity of their synapse formation.”

Loss of coordination between these cell types is associated with severe neurological and psychiatric disorders, including epilepsy, depression, autism, and schizophrenia.

The Molecular Handshake

The researchers discovered that the connection relies on a precise molecular interaction. The study identified two key proteins:

• CNTNAP4: Located on the chandelier cells (the “conductors”).
• Gliomedin: Located on the axon initial segment of the target neurons.

When these two proteins meet, they facilitate the formation of the synapse. Using visualizations in the brains of young mice, the team observed that when the genes for gliomedin were removed, the chandelier cells failed to form adequate connections with their targets. The “handshake” was broken, leaving the “conductors” unable to control the orchestra.

Implications for Neurological Disorders

Because the axon initial segment is the exact site where neurons generate action potentials (the signals used to communicate), chandelier cells have a disproportionately strong influence on brain activity. They essentially control the “faucet” of information flow.

“This is basic neuroscience, but there might be an impact for neuronal disorders,” said Hayano. “If this process is disrupted, what happens? If we lose those genes, which neuronal disorder might occur? We still don’t know, but those possibilities should be explored.”

Senior author Hiroki Taniguchi noted that understanding these developmental mechanisms is the first step toward identifying therapeutic targets for conditions where brain circuitry is imbalanced.

---

About this neuroscience research news

Author: Media Relations
Source: Ohio State University
Contact: Emily Caldwell – Ohio State University
Image: The image is credited to Ohio State University

Original Research: Closed access.
“The highly localized interaction between Neurofascin-186 and Gliomedin promotes subcellular innervation by the chandelier cell” by Yasufumi Hayano et al. The Journal of Neuroscience

Neuroplasticity and sensory-motor synergy: Implications for hand function and rehabilitation

 Didn't your competent? doctor create protocols for this way back in 2001?

Margaret Yekutiel wrote a whole book about this in 2001, 'Sensory Re-Education of the Hand After Stroke'.

Of course, your competent? doctor put together somatosensory protocols from this earlier research a long time ago, right? Oh no, you DON'T have a functioning stroke doctor, do you? Too bad, it's your problem to solve since your stroke hospital board of directors is fucking incompetent in running their hospital! 25 years of incompetence! WOW, that's got to be a record for staying incompetent!

Neuroplasticity and sensory-motor synergy: Implications for hand function and rehabilitation

Author links open overlay panel,

,

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jht.2025.10.004

Get rights and content

Under a Creative Commons license

Open access

Highlights

• •
  CNS continuously adapts to changed activity, environmental changes, learning, and injury - neuroplasticity.
• •
  Neuroplasticity is life-long and presents opportunities for therapeutic interventions.
• •
  Training should commence early after injury due to the rapid cortical changes following input changes.
• •
  Engagement and sense of meaningfulness are important in making training efficient.

Abstract

Background

Normal hand function relies on a finely tuned interaction between the sensory and motor systems within the central and peripheral nervous systems. The central nervous system continuously adapts to changed activity, environmental changes, learning, and injury — a phenomenon known as neuroplasticity. The neuroplasticity is a life-long ability and presents opportunities for therapeutic intervention; by directing it, lost or impaired functions can be improved through a process called "guided plasticity".

Purpose

To give an overview of methods of guided plasticity used in hand rehabilitation

Study design/Method

Expert review

Result

This overview highlights the cortical process for neuroplasticity, sensory-motor synergy, and its implications for hand function and rehabilitation.

Sensory and motor training should commence as early as possible after an injury due to the rapid cortical changes following input changes — a cortical preparation.

Conclusion

As research progresses, we can expect further refinements in rehabilitation techniques and neuro engineering, potentially leading to improved outcomes for patients with hand injuries.

Irisin and the muscle–brain axis: Mechanisms and translational potential

Didn't your competent? doctor tell you this a long time ago? and got you recovered enough to do this exercise amount?

Do you prefer your doctor, hospital and board of director's incompetence NOT KNOWING? OR NOT DOING? Your choice; let them be incompetent or demand action!

• irisin (12 posts to October 2013)

The latest here: 

Irisin and the muscle–brain axis: Mechanisms and translational potential

Beatrice Arosio a a,b,* , 

Anna Picca c,d Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy b c d Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy Department of Medicine and Surgery, LUM University, Casamassima, Italy Fondazione Policlinico Universitario 'A. Gemelli' IRCCS, Rome, Italy ARTICLE INFO Section Editor: Christiaan Leeuwenburgh 

Keywords: Brain-derived neurotrophic factor Cognition Myokine Neurodegeneration Neuroinflammation Oxidative stress Skeletal muscle 

ABSTRACT 

The muscle–brain axis integrates peripheral metabolic activity with central nervous system function. Among the endocrine signaling molecules regulating such crosstalk, the peptide hormone irisin released during muscle contraction seems to play relevant roles. Irisin is generated by the proteolytic cleavage of the fibronectin type III domain-containing protein 5 and has emerged as a key regulator of neurotrophic and metabolic adaptation. Although initially described as a myokine, irisin is also expressed in adipose and neural tissues, acting through autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine mechanisms. Irisin binds to the α V/β5 integrin receptor complex and activates a network of signaling pathways which promote mitochondrial biogenesis, autophagy, oxidative stress resistance, and modulation of inflammatory responses. Within the central nervous system, irisin induces brain- derived neurotrophic factor expression and contributes to synaptic plasticity, neurogenesis, and cognitive preservation. Experimental models show that irisin reduces amyloid burden, limits α-synuclein pathology, suppresses neuroinflammation, and stabilizes blood–brain barrier integrity, supporting a disease-modifying role in neurodegenerative conditions. In skeletal muscle, irisin stimulates myogenesis, enhances anabolic signaling, and improves metabolic efficiency, suggesting broader relevance for sarcopenia and age-related metabolic decline. Herein, we discuss irisin as a promising biomarker and a candidate therapeutic target for disorders characterized by concurrent muscle deterioration and cognitive impairment. 

Structured lifestyle intervention linked to improved blood regulation in brain, heart

 Is there ANYONE IN STROKE THAT WILL FOLOWUP this with research to help stroke survivors? NO? So, EVERYONE IN STROKE IS FUCKING INCOMPETENT? 

Send me personal hate mail on this: oc1dean@gmail.com. I'll print your complete statement with your name(If you can't stand by your name don't bother replying anonymously) and my response in my blog. Or are you afraid to engage with my stroke-addled mind? No excuses are allowed! You're medically trained; it should be simple to precisely state EXACTLY WHY you were trained to be incompetent with NO EXCUSES!

I take no prisoners in trying to get stroke solved! No knowledge of all of this and you have blithering idiots in charge, how long before you fire all of them? 

The latest here:

Structured lifestyle intervention linked to improved blood regulation in brain, heart

Key takeaways:

• The structured intervention had greater impact in men than women.
• The structured intervention also showed greater improvement for those aged 70 years and older vs. those younger than 70 years.

Older adults who adhered to a structured lifestyle intervention saw greater improvement from blood flow and regulation mechanisms in both the brain and heart at 2 years than those who used a self-guided intervention, , data show.

“Multiple lines of evidence highlight the importance of vascular contributions to cognitive impairment and dementia,” Tina Brinkley, PhD, associate professor of gerontology and geriatrics, internal medicine at Wake Forest University School of Medicine, told Healio about the updated research from the POINTER study presented at CTAD.

Brinkley T, et al. Results of the U.S. POINTER neurovascular ancillary study. Presented at: CTAD; Dec. 1-4, 2025; San Diego.

“While most of this research is focused on vascular pathology found in the brain (which is) detectable on an MRI or PET scan, systemic or peripheral measures that reflect the health of blood vessels throughout the body and how well these vessels communicate with the brain is also very important,” she said.

As cardiovascular health plays an integral role in overall health in older adults, Brinkley and colleagues sought to investigate the neurovascular mechanisms that underlie intended effects of lifestyle interventions.

The POINTER-NV neurovascular ancillary study examined 491 individuals from the parent POINTER study without atrial fibrillation or a pacemaker at baseline (mean age, 68.1 years; 61% women) and randomly assigned them on a 1:1 basis to either the structured lifestyle intervention including a rigorous schedule of diet and exercise (n = 246; mean age, 68.1 years; 58% women) or a self-guided intervention (n = 245; mean age, 68.2 years; 65% women).

Neurovascular assessments, which included heart rate variability, aortic function and carotid arterial flow, were performed at baseline, 12 months and 24 months.

Tina Brinkley

The primary outcome for POINTER-NV was average change from baseline of baroreflex sensitivity (expressed as milliseconds per millimeters of Mercury[ms/mmHg]), with secondary outcomes including measurements of blood flow in the heart and brain, autonomic function as well as structural and functional measurements in the heart and brain.

Covariates for analysis were baseline age, sex and race.

According to results, those assigned to the structured lifestyle intervention recorded a mean change in baroreflex sensitivity of 1.177 ms/mmHg (95% CI: 0.634-1.72) from baseline to 2 years, while those in the self-guided intervention group recorded a mean change in that same interval of 0.291 ms/mmHg (95% CI: -0.246-0.828).

The mean adjusted difference between the structured vs. self-guided interventions was also significantly higher for men (1.921 vs. 0.337) and those aged 70 years or older (1.893 vs. 0.213) compared with that for women (0.606 vs. 0.265) and those aged younger than 70 years (0.699 vs. 0.349)

The researchers additionally reported the mean comparative changes from baseline to 2 years in structured vs. self-guided interventions:

• heart rate variability (2.633; 95% CI: 0.915-4.352);
• aortic pulse wave velocity (-1.912; 95% CI: -3.488 to -0.336); and
• carotid transmission coefficient (-0.014; 95% CI: -0.025 to -0.004).

All indicated positive effects for the structured intervention, Brinkley and colleagues wrote.

The comprehensive neurovascular assessment performed in POINTER-NV will be crucial for future clinical assessments and protocols through its identification of which measures of neurovascular health are most relevant to the patient population, she said.

“Collectively, these changes could protect the brain from excessive blood pressure and pulsatile blood flow, which negatively impact brain structure and function,” Brinkley told Healio. “In the long run, these benefits may help to preserve cognitive function and lower the risk for dementia in U.S. POINTER participants.”

For more information:

Tina Brinkley, PhD, can be reached at neurology@healio.com.

Sources/Disclosures

Source:

Brinkley T, et al. Results of the U.S. POINTER neurovascular ancillary study. Presented at: CTAD; Dec. 1-4, 2025; San Diego.

Reference:

THE U.S. POINTER structured healthy lifestyle program — previously shown to improve cognition — may also improve sleep apnea, blood pressure regulation and cognitive resilience. https://www.alz.org/news/2025/us-pointer-healthy-lifestyle-program-may-improve-sleep-apnea-blood-pressure-cognitive-resilience. Published Dec. 2, 2025. Accessed Dec. 11, 2025.